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As demonstrated in many areas of real-life applications, neural networks have the capability of dealing with high dimensional data. In the fields of optimal control and dynamical systems, the same capability was studied and verified in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Wei Kang , Qi Gong

We study the approximation of two-layer compositions $f(x) = g(\phi(x))$ via deep networks with ReLU activation, where $\phi$ is a geometrically intuitive, dimensionality reducing feature map. We focus on two intuitive and practically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-27 Alexander Cloninger , Timo Klock

Activation functions have come up as one of the essential components of neural networks. The choice of adequate activation function can impact the accuracy of these methods. In this study, we experiment for finding an optimal activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Vipul Bansal

In this paper it is shown that $C_\beta$-smooth functions can be approximated by deep neural networks with ReLU activation function and with parameters $\{0,\pm \frac{1}{2}, \pm 1, 2\}$. The $l_0$ and $l_1$ parameter norms of considered…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-26 Aleksandr Beknazaryan

This paper establishes the (nearly) optimal approximation error characterization of deep rectified linear unit (ReLU) networks for smooth functions in terms of both width and depth simultaneously. To that end, we first prove that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Jianfeng Lu , Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

We study the computation complexity of deep ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) neural networks for the approximation of functions from the H\"older-Zygmund space of mixed smoothness defined on the $d$-dimensional unit cube when the dimension $d$…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-07-26 Dinh Dũng , Van Kien Nguyen

This paper establishes an approximation theorem for randomized neural networks (RaNNs) whose hidden-layer parameters are uniformly sampled from a prescribed bounded domain. Our analysis shows that, for RaNNs of the form $\mathop{\sum}_i W_i…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-13 Ran Bi , Weibing Deng

We propose reproducing activation functions (RAFs) to improve deep learning accuracy for various applications ranging from computer vision to scientific computing. The idea is to employ several basic functions and their learnable linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Senwei Liang , Liyao Lyu , Chunmei Wang , Haizhao Yang

In this paper, we prove that in the overparametrized regime, deep neural network provide universal approximations and can interpolate any data set, as long as the activation function is locally in $L^1(\RR)$ and not an affine function.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Vlad-Raul Constantinescu , Ionel Popescu

Multivariate function approximation is a fundamental problem in machine learning. Classic multivariate function approximations rely on hand-crafted basis functions (e.g., polynomial basis and Fourier basis), which limits their approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Wei-Hao Wu , Ting-Zhu Huang , Xi-Le Zhao , Yisi Luo , Deyu Meng

Activation functions play a decisive role in determining the capacity of Deep Neural Networks as they enable neural networks to capture inherent nonlinearities present in data fed to them. The prior research on activation functions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Jamshaid Ul Rahman , Faiza Makhdoom , Dianchen Lu

Although for neural networks with locally Lipschitz continuous activation functions the classical derivative exists almost everywhere, the standard chain rule is in general not applicable. We will consider a way of introducing a derivative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Julius Berner , Dennis Elbrächter , Philipp Grohs , Arnulf Jentzen

A deep neural network for classification tasks is essentially consist of two components: feature extractors and function approximators. They usually work as an integrated whole, however, improvements on any components can promote the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Chi-Chun Zhou , Hai-Long Tu , Yue-Jie Hou , Zhen Ling , Yi Liu , Jian Hua

This paper expresses the structure of artificial neural network (ANN) as a functional form, using the activation integral concept derived from the activation function. In this way, the structure of ANN can be represented by a simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhongkui Ma

In this study, we explore the integration of Neural Networks, a powerful class of functions known for their exceptional approximation capabilities. Our primary emphasis is on the integration of multi-layer Neural Networks, a challenging…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-03-20 Yucong Liu

In a neural network with ReLU activations, the number of piecewise linear regions in the output can grow exponentially with depth. However, this is highly unlikely to happen when the initial parameters are sampled randomly, which therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Max Milkert , David Hyde , Forrest Laine

Activation function is a pivotal component of deep learning, facilitating the extraction of intricate data patterns. While classical activation functions like ReLU and its variants are extensively utilized, their static nature and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Barathi Subramanian , Rathinaraja Jeyaraj , Rakhmonov Akhrorjon Akhmadjon Ugli

In this paper, we focus on fully connected deep neural networks utilizing the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function for nonparametric estimation. We derive non-asymptotic bounds that lead to convergence rates, addressing both…

Verifying the input-output relationships of a neural network so as to achieve some desired performance specification is a difficult, yet important, problem due to the growing ubiquity of neural nets in many engineering applications. We use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Joshua Pilipovsky , Vignesh Sivaramakrishnan , Meeko M. K. Oishi , Panagiotis Tsiotras

We show that neural networks with absolute value activation function and with the path norm, the depth, the width and the network weights having logarithmic dependence on $1/\varepsilon$ can $\varepsilon$-approximate functions that are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-18 Aleksandr Beknazaryan