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Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) refers to the problem of deciding the satisfiability of a formula with respect to certain background first order theories. In this paper, we focus on Satisfiablity Modulo Integer Arithmetic, which is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Shaowei Cai , Bohan Li , Xindi Zhang

Satisfiability Modulo the Theory of Nonlinear Real Arithmetic, SMT(NRA) for short, concerns the satisfiability of polynomial formulas, which are quantifier-free Boolean combinations of polynomial equations and inequalities with integer…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Haokun Li , Bican Xia , Tianqi Zhao

Local search has recently been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. Among these, nonlinear real arithmetic poses special challenges due to its uncountable solution space and potential need to solve higher-degree…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Zhonghan Wang , Bohua Zhan , Bohan Li , Shaowei Cai

Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) has recently emerged as a powerful tool for solving various automated reasoning problems across diverse domains. Unlike traditional satisfiability methods confined to Boolean variables, SMT can reason on…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Arijit Shaw , Uddalok Sarkar , Kuldeep S. Meel

MaxSAT modulo theories (MaxSMT) is an important generalization of Satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) with various applications. In this paper, we focus on MaxSMT with the background theory of Linear Integer Arithmetic, denoted as…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Xiang He , Bohan Li , Mengyu Zhao , Shaowei Cai

We discuss the topic of unsatisfiability proofs in SMT, particularly with reference to quantifier free non-linear real arithmetic. We outline how the methods here do not admit trivial proofs and how past formalisation attempts are not…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Erika Abraham , James H. Davenport , Matthew England , Gereon Kremer

Quantifier-free nonlinear arithmetic (QF_NRA) appears in many applications of satisfiability modulo theories solving (SMT). Accordingly, efficient reasoning for corresponding constraints in SMT theory solvers is highly relevant. We propose…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Pascal Fontaine , Mizuhito Ogawa , Thomas Sturm , Xuan Tung Vu

In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework for Satisfiability Modulo the Theory of Nonlinear Real Arithmetic (SMT-NRA for short). First, we introduce a two-dimensional cell-jump move, called \emph{$2d$-cell-jump}, generalizing the key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Tianyi Ding , Haokun Li , Xinpeng Ni , Bican Xia , Tianqi Zhao

We present new methods for solving the Satisfiability Modulo Theories problem over the theory of Quantifier-Free Non-linear Integer Arithmetic, SMT(QF-NIA), which consists in deciding the satisfiability of ground formulas with integer…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Cristina Borralleras , Daniel Larraz , Albert Oliveras , Enric Rodriguez-Carbonell , Albert Rubio

In the contexts of automated reasoning (AR) and formal verification (FV), important decision problems are effectively encoded into Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). In the last decade efficient SMT solvers have been developed for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-10-23 Roberto Sebastiani , Silvia Tomasi

Satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) consists in testing the satisfiability of first-order formulas over linear integer or real arithmetic, or other theories. In this survey, we explain the combination of propositional satisfiability and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-06-16 David Monniaux

Solving nonlinear SMT problems over real numbers has wide applications in robotics and AI. While significant progress is made in solving quantifier-free SMT formulas in the domain, quantified formulas have been much less investigated. We…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Soonho Kong , Armando Solar-Lezama , Sicun Gao

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers incorporate decision procedures for theories of data types that commonly occur in software. This makes them important tools for automating verification problems. A limitation frequently…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-28 Kshitij Bansal , Andrew Reynolds , Tim King , Clark Barrett , Thomas Wies

We study Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) enriched with the so-called Ramsey quantifiers, which assert the existence of cliques (complete graphs) in the graph induced by some formulas. The extended framework is known to have…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Pascal Bergsträßer , Moses Ganardi , Anthony W. Lin , Georg Zetzsche

The Model Constructing Satisfiability (MCSat) approach to the SMT problem extends the ideas of CDCL from the SAT level to the theory level. Like SAT, its search is driven by incrementally constructing a model by assigning concrete values to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Enrico Lipparini , Thomas Hader , Ahmed Irfan , Stéphane Graham-Lengrand

Satisfiability Modulo Linear Integer Arithmetic, SMT(LIA) for short, is pivotal across various critical domains. Previous research has primarily focused on SMT solving techniques. However, in practical applications such as software and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yong Lai , Junjie Li , Chuan Luo

The problem of checking satisfiability of linear real arithmetic (LRA) and non-linear real arithmetic (NRA) formulas has broad applications, in particular, they are at the heart of logic-related applications such as logic for artificial…

In the contexts of automated reasoning and formal verification, important decision problems are effectively encoded into Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). In the last decade efficient SMT solvers have been developed for several theories…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-02-08 Roberto Sebastiani , Silvia Tomasi

Satisfiability modulo nonlinear real arithmetic theory (SMT(NRA)) solving is essential to multiple applications, including program verification, program synthesis and software testing. In this context, recently model constructing…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Zhonghan Wang

We study SMT problems over the reals containing ordinary differential equations. They are important for formal verification of realistic hybrid systems and embedded software. We develop delta-complete algorithms for SMT formulas that are…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-10-31 Sicun Gao , Soonho Kong , Edmund Clarke
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