Related papers: Two-layered logics for paraconsistent probabilitie…
Classical logic predicts that everything (thus nothing useful at all) follows from inconsistency. A paraconsistent logic is a logic where an inconsistency does not lead to such an explosion, and since in practice consistency is difficult to…
We propose a formalization of the three-tier causal hierarchy of association, intervention, and counterfactuals as a series of probabilistic logical languages. Our languages are of strictly increasing expressivity, the first capable of…
One advantage of paraconsistent logic is that it can deal with inconsistencies without making the system trivial. However, unlike classical propositional calculus, its deductive system is limited, and the meaning of paraconsistent negation…
The present paper investigates proof-theoretical and algebraic properties for the probability logic FP(L,L), meant for reasoning on the uncertainty of Lukasiewicz events. Methodologically speaking, we will consider a translation function…
For a newcomer, paraconsistent logics can be difficult to grasp. Even experts in logic can find the concept of paraconsistency to be suspicious or misguided, if not actually wrong. The problem is that although they usually have much in…
In this paper we present a short history of logics: from particular cases of 2-symbol or numerical valued logic to the general case of n-symbol or numerical valued logic. We show generalizations of 2-valued Boolean logic to fuzzy logic,…
We study the lattice of extensions of four-valued Belnap--Dunn logic, called super-Belnap logics by analogy with superintuitionistic logics. We describe the global structure of this lattice by splitting it into several subintervals, and…
The paper explores properties of {\L}ukasiewicz mu-calculus, a version of the quantitative/probabilistic modal mu-calculus containing both weak and strong conjunctions and disjunctions from {\L}ukasiewicz (fuzzy) logic. We show that this…
Classically, two propositions are logically equivalent precisely when they are true under the same logical valuations. Also, two logical valuations are distinct if, and only if, there is a formula that is true according to one valuation,…
The four-valued semantics of Belnap--Dunn logic, consisting of the truth values True, False, Neither, and Both, gives rise to several non-classical logics depending on which feature of propositions we wish to preserve: truth, non-falsity,…
The well-studied notion of deductive explosion describes the situation where any formula can be deduced from an inconsistent set of formulas. Paraconsistent logic, on the other hand, is the umbrella term for logical systems where the…
In this paper, we study two companions to a logic, viz., the left variable inclusion companion and the restricted rules companion, their nature and interrelations, especially in connection with paraconsistency. A sufficient condition for…
In this paper paraconsistent second order arithmetic Z#2 with unrestricted comprehension scheme is proposed. We outline the development of certain portions of paraconsistent mathematics within paraconsistent second order arithmetic Z#2.In…
Continuous logic extends the multi-valued Lukasiewicz logic by adding a halving operator on propositions. This extension is designed to give a more satisfactory model theory for continuous structures. The semantics of these logics can be…
In this work we first illustrate the subjective theory of de Finetti. We recall the notion of coherence for both the betting scheme and the penalty criterion, by considering the unconditional and conditional cases. We show the equivalence…
In this paper we deal with a new approach to probabilistic reasoning in a logical framework. Nearly almost all logics of probability that have been proposed in the literature are based on classical two-valued logic. After making clear the…
The reasoning with qualitative uncertainty measures involves comparative statements about events in terms of their likeliness without necessarily assigning an exact numerical value to these events. The paper is divided into two parts. In…
Based on the already known connection between multilayer perceptrons and Lukasiewicz logic with rational coefficients, we take a step forward in analyzing its training process using a three-sorted hybrid modal logic: a multilayer perceptron…
Fundamental discrepancy between first order logic and statistical inference (global versus local properties of universe) is shown to be the obstacle for integration of logic and probability in L.p. logic of Bacchus. To overcome the…
We introduce a variant of free logic (i.e., a logic admitting terms with nonexistent referents) that accommodates truth-value gluts as well as gaps. Employing a suitable expansion of the Belnap-Dunn four-valued logic, we specify a…