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The maximum agreement forest (MAF) problem in phylogenetics takes as input a set t >= 2 of binary phylogenetic trees T on the same set of taxa X. It asks for a partition of X into the smallest number of blocks such that the subtrees induced…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Steven Kelk , Ruben Meuwese , Leo van Iersel

Phylogenetic networks are directed acyclic graphs that depict the genomic evolution of related taxa. Reticulation nodes in such networks (nodes with more than one parent) represent reticulate evolutionary events, such as recombination,…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-21 Alexey Markin , Sriram Vijendran , Oliver Eulenstein

Phylogenetic trees are leaf-labelled trees used to model the evolution of species. In practice it is not uncommon to obtain two topologically distinct trees for the same set of species, and this motivates the use of distance measures to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-24 David Mestel , Steven Chaplick , Steven Kelk , Ruben Meuwese

As an alternative to parsimony analyses, stochastic models have been proposed (Lewis, 2001), (Nylander, et al., 2004) for morphological characters, so that maximum likelihood or Bayesian analyses may be used for phylogenetic inference. A…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2009-12-20 Elizabeth S. Allman , Mark T. Holder , John A. Rhodes

Phylogenetic trees are used to model evolution: leaves are labelled to represent contemporary species ("taxa") and interior vertices represent extinct ancestors. Informally, convex characters are measurements on the contemporary species in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-25 Steven Kelk , Ruben Meuwese , Stephan Wagner

Construction of phylogenetic trees has traditionally focused on binary trees where all species appear on leaves, a problem for which numerous efficient solutions have been developed. Certain application domains though, such as viral…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-01 Dimitris Papamichail , Angela Huang , Andrew Miller , Edward Kennedy , Jan-Lucas Ott , Georgios Papamichail

One of the main aims of phylogenetics is to reconstruct the \enquote{Tree of Life}. In this respect, different methods and criteria are used to analyze DNA sequences of different species and to compare them in order to derive the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-05 Michelle Galla , Kristina Wicke , Mareike Fischer

An evolutionary tree (phylogenetic tree) is a binary, rooted, unordered tree that models the evolutionary history of currently living species in which leaves are labeled by species. In this paper, we investigate the problem of finding the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2013-04-02 Soheil Jahangiri Tazehkand , Seyed Naser Hashemi , Hadi Poormohammadi

In this paper, we investigate a conjecture by von Haeseler concerning the Maximum Parsimony method for phylogenetic estimation, which was published by the Newton Institute in Cambridge on a list of open phylogenetic problems in 2007. This…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2010-07-30 Mareike Fischer

Phylogenetic methods typically rely on an appropriate model of how data evolved in order to infer an accurate phylogenetic tree. For molecular data, standard statistical methods have provided an effective strategy for extracting…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-01-21 Robert W. Scotland , Mike Steel

It follows from a classical result of Jordan that every tree with maximum degree at most $r$ containing a vertex set labeled by $[n]$, has a single-edge cut which separates two subsets $A,B \subset [n]$ for which $\min\{|A|,|B|\} \ge…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Sagi Snir , Raphael Yuster

A normal (phylogenetic) network with $k$ reticulations displays $2^k$ phylogenetic trees. In this paper, we establish an analogous result for tree-child (phylogenetic) networks with no underlying $3$-cycles. In particular, we show that a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Charles Semple , Kristina Wicke

We compare the phylogenetic tensors for various trees and networks for two, three and four taxa. If the probability spaces between one tree or network and another are not identical then there will be phylogenetic tensors that could have…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2016-06-24 Jonathan Mitchell

Billey et al. [arXiv:1507.04976] have recently discovered a surprisingly simple formula for the number $a_n(\sigma)$ of leaf-labelled rooted non-embedded binary trees (also known as phylogenetic trees) with $n\geq 1$ leaves, fixed (for the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-03-08 Éric Fusy

Phylogenetic trees represent evolutionary relationships and can be uniquely defined by sets of finite-state biological characteristics. Despite prior work showing that sufficiently large trees can be determined by $r$-state character sets,…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-22 Yangjing Long , Tong Wang

Evolution is a process that is influenced by various environmental factors, e.g. the interactions between different species, genes, and biogeographical properties. Hence, it is interesting to study the combined evolutionary history of…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2013-08-02 Nicolas Wieseke , Matthias Bernt , Martin Middendorf

Finding the most parsimonious tree inside a phylogenetic network with respect to a given character is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that for many network topologies is essentially inapproximable. In contrast, if the network…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-14 Martin Frohn , Steven Kelk

We describe a kernel of size 9k-8 for the NP-hard problem of computing the Tree Bisection and Reconnect (TBR) distance k between two unrooted binary phylogenetic trees. We achieve this by extending the existing portfolio of reduction rules…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Steven Kelk , Simone Linz , Ruben Meuwese

In phylogenetic studies, biologists often wish to estimate the ancestral discrete character state at an interior vertex $v$ of an evolutionary tree $T$ from the states that are observed at the leaves of the tree. A simple and fast…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-05-03 Lina Herbst , Thomas Li , Mike Steel

Comparative analyses of phylogenetic trees typically require identical taxon sets, however, in practice, trees often include distinct but overlapping taxa. Pruning non-shared leaves discards phylogenetic signal, whereas tree completion can…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-28 Aleksandr Koshkarov , Nadia Tahiri