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Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive zero-shot and few-shot generalization capabilities across complex natural language tasks, enabling their widespread use as virtual assistants for diverse applications such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Arjun Vaithilingam Sudhakar

Theory-of-Mind (ToM), the ability to infer others' perceptions and mental states, is fundamental to human interaction but remains challenging for Large Language Models (LLMs). While existing ToM reasoning methods show promise with reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hainiu Xu , Siya Qi , Jiazheng Li , Yuxiang Zhou , Jinhua Du , Caroline Catmur , Yulan He

Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning entails recognizing that other individuals possess their own intentions, emotions, and thoughts, which is vital for guiding one's own thought processes. Although large language models (LLMs) excel in tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Maryam Amirizaniani , Elias Martin , Maryna Sivachenko , Afra Mashhadi , Chirag Shah

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has become deeply integrated into various stages of the research workflow and achieved remarkable advancements, academic rebuttal remains a significant and underexplored challenge. This is because…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Zhitao He , Zongwei Lyu , Yi R Fung

As large language models (LLMs) become the engine behind conversational systems, their ability to reason about the intentions and states of their dialogue partners (i.e., form and use a theory-of-mind, or ToM) becomes increasingly critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hanqi Xiao , Vaidehi Patil , Zaid Khan , Hyunji Lee , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Understanding Theory of Mind is essential for building socially intelligent multimodal agents capable of perceiving and interpreting human behavior. We introduce MoMentS (Multimodal Mental States), a comprehensive benchmark designed to…

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a fundamental cognitive architecture that endows humans with the ability to attribute mental states to others. Humans infer the desires, beliefs, and intentions of others by observing their behavior and, in turn,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Chuang Yu , Baris Serhan , Angelo Cangelosi

With their recent development, large language models (LLMs) have been found to exhibit a certain level of Theory of Mind (ToM), a complex cognitive capacity that is related to our conscious mind and that allows us to infer another's beliefs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Mohsen Jamali , Ziv M. Williams , Jing Cai

We present a new explainable AI (XAI) framework aimed at increasing justified human trust and reliance in the AI machine through explanations. We pose explanation as an iterative communication process, i.e. dialog, between the machine and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Arjun R. Akula , Changsong Liu , Sari Saba-Sadiya , Hongjing Lu , Sinisa Todorovic , Joyce Y. Chai , Song-Chun Zhu

While recent studies explore Large Language Models' (LLMs) performance on Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning tasks, research on ToM abilities that require more nuanced social context is limited, such as white lies. We introduce TactfulToM, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Yiwei Liu , Emma Jane Pretty , Jiahao Huang , Saku Sugawara

New developments are enabling AI systems to perceive, recognize, and respond with social cues based on inferences made from humans' explicit or implicit behavioral and verbal cues. These AI systems, equipped with an equivalent of human's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Qiaosi Wang , Ashok K. Goel

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong performance on Theory of Mind (ToM) tests, prompting debate about the nature and true performance of the underlying capabilities. At the same time, reasoning-oriented LLMs trained via…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ian B. de Haan , Peter van der Putten , Max van Duijn

Large language models (LLMs) have shown success in handling simple games with imperfect information and enabling multi-agent coordination, but their ability to facilitate practical collaboration against other agents in complex, imperfect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yauwai Yim , Chunkit Chan , Tianyu Shi , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Tianshi Zheng , Yangqiu Song

We introduce StorySim, a programmable framework for synthetically generating stories to evaluate the theory of mind (ToM) and world modeling (WM) capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Unlike prior benchmarks that may suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nathaniel Getachew , Abulhair Saparov

The last couple of years have witnessed emerging research that appropriates Theory-of-Mind (ToM) tasks designed for humans to benchmark LLM's ToM capabilities as an indication of LLM's social intelligence. However, this approach has a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Qiaosi Wang , Xuhui Zhou , Maarten Sap , Jodi Forlizzi , Hong Shen

Human language acquisition is an efficient, supervised, and continual process. In this work, we took inspiration from how human babies acquire their first language, and developed a computational process for word acquisition through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Yuwei Bao , Barrett Martin Lattimer , Joyce Chai

The use of LLMs in natural language reasoning has shown mixed results, sometimes rivaling or even surpassing human performance in simpler classification tasks while struggling with social-cognitive reasoning, a domain where humans naturally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Fiona Anting Tan , Gerard Christopher Yeo , Kokil Jaidka , Fanyou Wu , Weijie Xu , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha , Yang Liu , See-Kiong Ng

The Language of Thought Hypothesis suggests that human cognition operates on a structured, language-like system of mental representations. While neural language models can naturally benefit from the compositional structure inherently and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Yi-Fu Wu , Minseung Lee , Sungjin Ahn

Recently, the field of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) has gained popularity as researchers are trying to develop artificial intelligence capable of efficient collective reasoning. Agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Adam Kostka , Jarosław A. Chudziak

Understanding what a user believes and intends is central to building effective agent assistants. This ability is often evaluated through Theory-of-Mind (ToM) tasks, where success requires reasoning from the user's perspective. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Cheng Qian , Jiayu Liu , Heng Ji