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The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm was recently proposed as a local learning method to address the limitations of backpropagation (BP), offering biological plausibility along with memory-efficient and highly parallelized computational…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Yujie Wu , Siyuan Xu , Jibin Wu , Lei Deng , Mingkun Xu , Qinghao Wen , Guoqi Li

Catastrophic forgetting is a significant challenge in continual learning, in which a model loses prior knowledge when it is fine-tuned on new tasks. This problem is particularly critical for large language models (LLMs) undergoing continual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ege Süalp , Mina Rezaei

Addressing catastrophic forgetting is one of the key challenges in continual learning where machine learning systems are trained with sequential or streaming tasks. Despite recent remarkable progress in state-of-the-art deep learning, deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Xilai Li , Yingbo Zhou , Tianfu Wu , Richard Socher , Caiming Xiong

Existing LLMs-post-training techniques are broadly categorized into supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT). Each paradigm presents a distinct trade-off: (1) SFT excels at mimicking demonstration data, but can lead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zeyu Huang , Tianhao Cheng , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Yinghui Xu , Edoardo M. Ponti , Ivan Titov

In online continual learning, a neural network incrementally learns from a non-i.i.d. data stream. Nearly all online continual learning methods employ experience replay to simultaneously prevent catastrophic forgetting and underfitting on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Jason Yoo , Yunpeng Liu , Frank Wood , Geoff Pleiss

A continual learning agent should be able to build on top of existing knowledge to learn on new data quickly while minimizing forgetting. Current intelligent systems based on neural network function approximators arguably do the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Khurram Javed , Martha White

Rehearsal-based methods have shown superior performance in addressing catastrophic forgetting in continual learning (CL) by storing and training on a subset of past data alongside new data in current task. While such a concurrent rehearsal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Junze Deng , Qinhang Wu , Peizhong Ju , Sen Lin , Yingbin Liang , Ness Shroff

In Continual Learning, a Neural Network is trained on a stream of data whose distribution shifts over time. Under these assumptions, it is especially challenging to improve on classes appearing later in the stream while remaining accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Pietro Buzzega , Matteo Boschini , Angelo Porrello , Simone Calderara

State-of-the-art rehearsal-free continual learning methods exploit the peculiarities of Vision Transformers to learn task-specific prompts, drastically reducing catastrophic forgetting. However, there is a tradeoff between the number of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Thomas De Min , Massimiliano Mancini , Karteek Alahari , Xavier Alameda-Pineda , Elisa Ricci

Rehearsal-based continual learning (CL) mitigates catastrophic forgetting by maintaining a subset of samples from previous tasks for replay. Existing studies primarily focus on optimizing memory storage through coreset selection strategies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Minh-Duong Nguyen , Thien-Thanh Dao , Le-Tuan Nguyen , Dung D. Le , Kok-Seng Wong

We introduce Progressive Prompts - a simple and efficient approach for continual learning in language models. Our method allows forward transfer and resists catastrophic forgetting, without relying on data replay or a large number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Anastasia Razdaibiedina , Yuning Mao , Rui Hou , Madian Khabsa , Mike Lewis , Amjad Almahairi

While a diverse collection of continual learning (CL) methods has been proposed to prevent catastrophic forgetting, a thorough investigation of their effectiveness for processing sequential data with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) is…

Continual learning (CL) refers to the ability to continually learn over time by accommodating new knowledge while retaining previously learned experience. While this concept is inherent in human learning, current machine learning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Anna Vettoruzzo , Joaquin Vanschoren , Mohamed-Rafik Bouguelia , Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson

Most Continual Learning (CL) methods maintain performance on earlier tasks by storing exemplars in a replay buffer, introducing memory overhead that scales with the number of tasks and raising privacy concerns in regulated domains. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Mohammad Ali Vahedifar , Qi Zhang

Continual learning is essential for adapting models to new tasks while retaining previously acquired knowledge. While existing approaches predominantly focus on uni-modal data, multi-modal learning offers substantial benefits by utilizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Evelyn Chee , Wynne Hsu , Mong Li Lee

Transfer learning with large pretrained transformer-based language models like BERT has become a dominating approach for most NLP tasks. Simply fine-tuning those large language models on downstream tasks or combining it with task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Wenjuan Han , Bo Pang , Yingnian Wu

Recent studies on catastrophic forgetting during sequential learning typically focus on fixing the accuracy of the predictions for a previously learned task. In this paper we argue that the outputs of neural networks are subject to rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Yuwen Xiong , Mengye Ren , Raquel Urtasun

The intrinsic capability to continuously learn a changing data stream is a desideratum of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, current DNNs suffer from catastrophic forgetting, which interferes with remembering past knowledge. To mitigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nghia D. Nguyen , Hieu Trung Nguyen , Ang Li , Hoang Pham , Viet Anh Nguyen , Khoa D. Doan

Scaled post-training now drives many of the largest capability gains in language models (LMs), yet its effect on pretrained knowledge remains poorly understood. Not all forgetting is equal: Forgetting one fact (e.g., a U.S. president or an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jackson Harmon , Andreas Hochlehnert , Matthias Bethge , Ameya Prabhu

Continual learning allows the system to learn and adapt to new tasks while retaining the knowledge acquired from previous tasks. However, deep learning models suffer from catastrophic forgetting of knowledge learned from earlier tasks while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Dupati Srikar Chandra , P. K. Srijith , Dana Rezazadegan , Chris McCarthy