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We study the relation between the palindromic and factor complexity of infinite words. We show that for uniformly recurrent words one has P(n)+P(n+1) \leq \Delta C(n) + 2, for all n \in N. For a large class of words it is a better estimate…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Peter Baláži , Zuzana Masáková , Edita Pelantová

A \emph{morphism} is a mapping that transforms words through letter-wise substitution, where each symbol is consistently replaced by a fixed word. In the field of combinatorics on words, one topic that has attracted considerable attention…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Kaisei Kishi , Peaker Guo , Cristian Urbina , Hideo Bannai

A binary word is symmetric if it is a palindrome or an antipalindrome. We define a new measure of asymmetry of a binary word equal to the minimal number of letters of the word whose deleting from the word yields a symmetric word and obtain…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-04-09 Alex Ravsky

Perfectly clustering words are one of many possible generalizations of Christoffel words. In this article, we propose a factorization of a perfectly clustering word on a $n$ letters alphabet into a product of $n-1$ palindromes with a letter…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-07-30 Mélodie Lapointe , Christophe Reutenauer

A recursively palindromic (RP) word is one that is a palindrome and whose left half-word and right half-word are each RP. Thus ABACABA is, and MADAM is not, an RP word. We count RP words of given length over a finite alphabet and RP…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Kathy Q. Ji , Herbert S. Wilf

Boolean matrix factorization is a natural and a popular technique for summarizing binary matrices. In this paper, we study a problem of Boolean matrix factorization where we additionally require that the factor matrices have consecutive…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Nikolaj Tatti , Pauli Miettinen

We give partial results on the factorization conjecture on codes proposed by Schutzenberger. We consider finite maximal codes C over the alphabet A = {a, b} with C \cap a^* = a^p, for a prime number p. Let P, S in Z <A>, with S = S_0 + S_1,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Clelia De Felice

In this paper we consider two problems concerning string factorisation. Specifically given a string $w$ and an integer $k$ find a factorisation of $w$ where each factor has length bounded by $k$ and has the minimum (the FmD problem) or the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Angelo Monti , Blerina Sinaimeri

The {\em longest common subsequence (LCS)} problem is a classic and well-studied problem in computer science. Palindrome is a word which reads the same forward as it does backward. The {\em longest common palindromic subsequence (LCPS)}…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-10-25 Shihabur Rahman Chowdhury , Md. Mahbubul Hasan , Sumaiya Iqbal , M. Sohel Rahman

We consider the class ${\cal P}_1$ of all infinite words $x\in A^\omega$ over a finite alphabet $A$ admitting a prefixal factorization, i.e., a factorization $x= U_0 U_1U_2 \cdots $ where each $U_i$ is a non-empty prefix of $x.$ With each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-12 Aldo de Luca , Luca Q. Zamboni

A finite word $w\in\{0,1\}^*$ is balanced if for every equal-length factors $u$ and $v$ of every cyclic shift of $w$ we have $||u|_1-|v|_1| <= 1$. This new class of finite words were defined in [JZ]. In [J], there was proved several results…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-16 Jetro Vesti

The palindromic length $\text{PL}(v)$ of a finite word $v$ is the minimal number of palindromes whose concatenation is equal to $v$. In 2013, Frid, Puzynina, and Zamboni conjectured that: If $w$ is an infinite word and $k$ is an integer…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Josef Rukavicka

Partial words are sequences over a finite alphabet that may contain wildcard symbols, called holes, which match or are compatible with all letters; partial words without holes are said to be full words (or simply words). Given an infinite…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-08-19 Francine Blanchet-Sadri , Aleksandar Chakarov , Lucas Manuelli , Jarett Schwartz , Slater Stich

The locality of words is a relatively young structural complexity measure, introduced by Day et al. in 2017 in order to define classes of patterns with variables which can be matched in polynomial time. The main tool used to compute the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Pamela Fleischmann , Lukas Haschke , Florin Manea , Dirk Nowotka , Cedric Tsatia Tsida , Judith Wiedenbeck

A finite word $w$ with $\vert w\vert=n$ contains at most $n+1$ distinct palindromic factors. If the bound $n+1$ is attained, the word $w$ is called \emph{rich}. Let $\Factor(w)$ be the set of factors of the word $w$. It is known that there…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-06 Josef Rukavicka

A factorization of an element $x$ in a monoid $(M, \cdot)$ is an expression of the form $x = u_1^{z_1} \cdots u_k^{z_k}$ for irreducible elements $u_1, \ldots, u_k \in M$, and the length of such a factorization is $z_1 + \cdots + z_k$. We…

A word~$w$ has a border $u$ if $u$ is a non-empty proper prefix and suffix of $u$. A word~$w$ is said to be \emph{closed} if $w$ is of length at most $1$ or if $w$ has a border that occurs exactly twice in $w$. A word~$w$ is said to be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-24 Daniel Gabric

The palindromic length of a finite word $w$ is defined as the minimal number of palindromes such that their product is $w$. Clearly, this function may take different values depending on if we consider $w$ as an element a free semigroup or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-12 Anna E. Frid

A border u of a word w is a proper factor of w occurring both as a prefix and as a suffix. The maximal unbordered factor of w is the longest factor of w which does not have a border. Here an O(n log n)-time with high probability (or O(n log…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Tomasz Kociumaka , Ritu Kundu , Manal Mohamed , Solon P. Pissis

Symbolic regression that aims to detect underlying data-driven models has become increasingly important for industrial data analysis. For most existing algorithms such as genetic programming (GP), the convergence speed might be too slow for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-31 Chen Chen , Changtong Luo , Zonglin Jiang