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Temporal networks are a class of time-varying networks, which change their topology according to a given time-ordered sequence of static networks (known as subsystems). This paper investigates the reachability and controllability of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Yuan Zhang , Yuanqing Xia , Long Wang

A graph is componentwise biconnected if every connected component either is an isolated vertex or is biconnected. We present a linear-time algorithm for the problem of adding the smallest number of edges to make a bipartite graph…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Tsan-sheng Hsu , Ming-Yang Kao

Temporal graph neural networks (TGNNs) have been widely used for modeling time-evolving graph-related tasks due to their ability to capture both graph topology dependency and non-linear temporal dynamic. The explanation of TGNNs is of vital…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Wenchong He , Minh N. Vu , Zhe Jiang , My T. Thai

Temporal graphs are graphs where the topology and/or other properties of the graph change with time. They have been used to model applications with temporal information in various domains. Problems on static graphs become more challenging…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Subhrangsu Mandal , Arobinda Gupta

Many real-world networks, such as transportation or trade networks, are dynamic in the sense that the edge set may change over time, but these changes are known in advance. This behavior is captured by the temporal graphs model, which has…

Temporal graphs are a class of graphs defined by a constant set of vertices and a changing set of edges, each of which is known as a timestep. These graphs are well motivated in modelling real-world networks, where connections may change…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Duncan Adamson

In this paper we study the fixed-parameter tractability of the problem of deciding whether a given temporal graph admits a temporal walk that visits all vertices (temporal exploration) or, in some problem variants, a certain subset of the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Thomas Erlebach , Jakob T. Spooner

A temporal digraph ${\cal G}$ is a triple $(G, \gamma, \lambda)$ where $G$ is a digraph, $\gamma$ is a function on $V(G)$ that tells us the timestamps when a vertex is active, and $\lambda$ is a function on $E(G)$ that tells for each $uv…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Victor Campos , Raul Lopes , Andrea Marino , Ana Silva

Most networks are not static objects, but instead they change over time. This observation has sparked rigorous research on temporal graphs within the last years. In temporal graphs, we have a fixed set of nodes and the connections between…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Davide Bilò , Sarel Cohen , Tobias Friedrich , Hans Gawendowicz , Nicolas Klodt , Pascal Lenzner , George Skretas

Logistics and transportation networks require a large amount of resources to realize necessary connections between locations and minimizing these resources is a vital aspect of planning research. Since such networks have dynamic connections…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Argyrios Deligkas , Michelle Döring , Eduard Eiben , Tiger-Lily Goldsmith , George Skretas , Georg Tennigkeit

We introduce the idea of temporal graphs, a representation that encodes temporal data into graphs while fully retaining the temporal information of the original data. This representation lets us explore the dynamic temporal properties of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-06-06 Vassilis Kostakos

Temporal graphs are introduced to model systems where the relationships among the entities of the system evolve over time. In this paper, we consider the temporal graphs where the edge set changes with time and all the changes are known a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Rinku Kumar , Bodhisatwa Mazumdar , Subhrangsu Mandal

A temporal graph $\mathcal{G}=(G,\lambda)$ can be represented by an underlying graph $G=(V,E)$ together with a function $\lambda$ that assigns to each edge $e\in E$ the set of time steps during which $e$ is present. The reachability graph…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Thomas Erlebach , Othon Michail , Nils Morawietz

We consider the algorithmic complexity of recognizing bipartite temporal graphs. Rather than defining these graphs solely by their underlying graph or individual layers, we define a bipartite temporal graph as one in which every layer can…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Till Fluschnik , Pascal Kunz

We present the first linear-time algorithm that computes the $4$-edge-connected components of an undirected graph. Hence, we also obtain the first linear-time algorithm for testing $4$-edge connectivity. Our results are based on a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Loukas Georgiadis , Giuseppe F. Italiano , Evangelos Kosinas

In this work, we follow the current trend on temporal graph realization, where one is given a property P and the goal is to determine whether there is a temporal graph, that is, a graph where the edge set changes over time, with property P…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Justine Cauvi , Nils Morawietz , Laurent Viennot

Temporal graphs arise when modeling interactions that evolve over time. They usually come in several flavors, depending on the number of parameters used to describe the temporal aspects of the interactions: time of appearance, duration,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Guillaume Aubian , Filippo Brunelli , Feodor F Dragan , Guillaume Ducoffe , Michel Habib , Allen Ibiapina , Laurent Viennot

We present the first comprehensive analysis of temporal settings for directed temporal graphs, fully resolving their hierarchy with respect to support, reachability, and induced-reachability equivalence. These notions, introduced by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Michelle Döring

We present faster algorithms for computing the 2-edge and 2-vertex strongly connected components of a directed graph, which are straightforward generalizations of strongly connected components. While in undirected graphs the 2-edge and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Monika Henzinger , Sebastian Krinninger , Veronika Loitzenbauer

In a temporal graph, each edge is available at specific points in time. Such an availability point is often represented by a ''temporal edge'' that can be traversed from its tail only at a specific departure time, for arriving in its head…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Filippo Brunelli , Laurent Viennot