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Connectivity of temporal graphs has been widely studied both as graph theory and as gossip theory. In particular, it is well known that in order to connect every vertex to every other, a temporal graph needs to have at least $2n-4$ edges…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Thomas Bellitto , Jules Bouton Popper , Justine Cauvi , Bruno Escoffier , Raphaëlle Maistre-Matus

In directed graphs, a cycle can be seen as a structure that allows its vertices to loop back to themselves, or as a structure that allows pairs of vertices to reach each other through distinct paths. We extend these concepts to temporal…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Davi de Andrade , Júlio Araújo , Allen Ibiapina , Andrea Marino , Jason Schoeters , Ana Silva

We address the problem of testing whether a dynamic graph is temporally connected, i.e. a temporal path ({\em journey}) exists between all pairs of vertices. We consider a discrete version of the problem, where the topology is given as an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-05-02 Matthieu Barjon , Arnaud Casteigts , Serge Chaumette , Colette Johnen , Yessin M. Neggaz

A temporal graph can be represented by a graph with an edge labelling, such that an edge is present in the network if and only if the edge is assigned the corresponding time label. A journey is a labelled path in a temporal graph such that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Esteban Christiann , Eric Sanlaville , Jason Schoeters

Computing a (short) path between two vertices is one of the most fundamental primitives in graph algorithmics. In recent years, the study of paths in temporal graphs, that is, graphs where the vertex set is fixed but the edge set changes…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Arnaud Casteigts , Anne-Sophie Himmel , Hendrik Molter , Philipp Zschoche

A temporal network is a dynamic graph where every edge is assigned an integer time label that indicates at which discrete time step the edge is available. We consider the problem of hierarchically decomposing the network and introduce an…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Lutz Oettershagen , Athanasios L. Konstantinidis , Giuseppe F. Italiano

A (directed) temporal graph is a (directed) graph whose edges are available only at specific times during its (discretized) lifetime $\tau$. In this setting, we ask that walks respect the temporal aspect by defining $\textit{temporal…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Allen Ibiapina , Raul Lopes , Andrea Marino , Ana Silva

A graph whose edges only appear at certain points in time is called a temporal graph (among other names). Such a graph is temporally connected if each ordered pair of vertices is connected by a path which traverses edges in chronological…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Arnaud Casteigts , Michael Raskin , Malte Renken , Viktor Zamaraev

We study the Temporal Exploration problem, where an agent must visit all vertices of a temporal graph while traversing at most one available edge per time step. Unlike static graphs, which can be explored in linear time, temporal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ivan Lahtin , Viktor Zamaraev

Shortcut sets are a vital instrument for reducing the diameter of a static graph and, consequently, its shortest path complexity, which is relevant in numerous subfields of graph theory. We explore the notion of shortcut sets in temporal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Gerome Quantmeyer

Temporal graphs provide a useful model for many real-world networks. Unfortunately the majority of algorithmic problems we might consider on such graphs are intractable. There has been recent progress in defining structural parameters which…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Jessica Enright , Samuel D. Hand , Laura Larios-Jones , Kitty Meeks

In this paper, we study a dynamic analogue of the Path Cover problem, which can be solved in polynomial-time in directed acyclic graphs. A temporal digraph has an arc set that changes over discrete time-steps, if the underlying digraph (the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Dibyayan Chakraborty , Antoine Dailly , Florent Foucaud , Ralf Klasing

Temporal graphs have edge sets that change over discrete time steps. Such graphs are temporally connected (TC) if all pairs of vertices can reach each other using paths that traverse the edges in a time-respecting way (temporal paths).…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Arnaud Casteigts , Hendrik Molter , Meirav Zehavi

A temporal graph is a data structure, consisting of nodes and edges in which the edges are associated with time labels. To analyze the temporal graph, the first step is to find a proper graph dataset/benchmark. While many temporal graph…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Wouter Ligtenberg , Yulong Pei

Modern, inherently dynamic systems are usually characterized by a network structure, i.e. an underlying graph topology, which is subject to discrete changes over time. Given a static underlying graph $G$, a temporal graph can be represented…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Eleni C. Akrida , George B. Mertzios , Paul G. Spirakis , Viktor Zamaraev

In a temporal network with discrete time-labels on its edges, entities and information can only ``flow'' along sequences of edges whose time-labels are non-decreasing (resp. increasing), i.e. along temporal (resp. strict temporal) paths.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-01-29 George B. Mertzios , Hendrik Molter , Malte Renken , Paul G. Spirakis , Philipp Zschoche

We investigate the computational complexity of finding temporally disjoint paths or walks in temporal graphs. There, the edge set changes over discrete time steps and a temporal path (resp. walk) uses edges that appear at monotonically…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Nina Klobas , George B. Mertzios , Hendrik Molter , Rolf Niedermeier , Philipp Zschoche

A temporal graph is a graph whose edges are available only at certain points in time. It is temporally connected if the nodes can reach each other by paths that traverse the edges chronologically (temporal paths). In general, temporal…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Daniele Carnevale , Arnaud Casteigts , Timothée Corsini

\emph{Temporal graphs} are a generalisation of (static) graphs, defined by a sequence of \emph{snapshots}, each a static graph defined over a common set of vertices. \emph{Exploration} problems are one of the most fundamental and most…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Duncan Adamson , Paul G Spirakis

Temporal graphs are graphs where the edge set can change in each time step, and the vertex set stays the same. Exploration of temporal graphs whose snapshot in each time step is a connected graph, called connected temporal graphs, has been…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Konstantinos Dogeas , Thomas Erlebach , Frank Kammer , Johannes Meintrup , William K. Moses