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A Fourier neural operator (FNO) is one of the physics-inspired machine learning methods. In particular, it is a neural operator. In recent times, several types of neural operators have been developed, e.g., deep operator networks, Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Taeyoung Kim , Myungjoo Kang

We propose a new approach to learning the subgrid-scale model when simulating partial differential equations (PDEs) solved by the method of lines and their representation in chaotic ordinary differential equations, based on neural ordinary…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-04-14 Shinhoo Kang , Emil M. Constantinescu

Recent work in scientific machine learning has developed so-called physics-informed neural network (PINN) models. The typical approach is to incorporate physical domain knowledge as soft constraints on an empirical loss function and use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Aditi S. Krishnapriyan , Amir Gholami , Shandian Zhe , Robert M. Kirby , Michael W. Mahoney

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have made significant strides in modeling dynamical systems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs). However, their generalization capabilities across varying scenarios remain limited. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Honghui Wang , Yifan Pu , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

We propose a very general framework for deriving rigorous bounds on the approximation error for physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and operator learning architectures such as DeepONets and FNOs as well as for physics-informed operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Tim De Ryck , Siddhartha Mishra

Modeling high-frequency information is a critical challenge in scientific machine learning. For instance, fully turbulent flow simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations at Reynolds numbers 3500 and above can generate high-frequency signals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Marimuthu Kalimuthu , David Holzmüller , Mathias Niepert

In solving partial differential equations (PDEs), Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have exhibited notable effectiveness. However, FNO is observed to be ineffective with large Fourier kernels that parameterize more frequencies. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Shaoxiang Qin , Fuyuan Lyu , Wenhui Peng , Dingyang Geng , Ju Wang , Xing Tang , Sylvie Leroyer , Naiping Gao , Xue Liu , Liangzhu Leon Wang

Neural operators have emerged as promising surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), but struggle to generalise beyond training distributions and are often constrained to a fixed temporal discretisation. This work…

Physics-informed deep learning often faces optimization challenges due to the complexity of solving partial differential equations (PDEs), which involve exploring large solution spaces, require numerous iterations, and can lead to unstable…

Neural operators improve conventional neural networks by expanding their capabilities of functional mappings between different function spaces to solve partial differential equations (PDEs). One of the most notable methods is the Fourier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Xuanle Zhao , Yue Sun , Tielin Zhang , Bo Xu

This study investigates the application of machine learning, specifically Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), to learn time-advancement operators for parametric partial differential equations (PDEs). Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Rixin Yu , Erdzan Hodzic

In this work, we describe a novel approach to building a neural PDE solver leveraging recent advances in transformer based neural network architectures. Our model can provide solutions for different values of PDE parameters without any need…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Varun Madhavan , Amal S Sebastian , Bharath Ramsundar , Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan

Fourier Neural Operators (FNO) have emerged as promising solutions for efficiently solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by learning infinite-dimensional function mappings through frequency domain transformations. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tianyu Chen , Haoyi Zhou , Ying Li , Hao Wang , Zhenzhe Zhang , Tianchen Zhu , Shanghang Zhang , Jianxin Li

Current physics-informed (standard or deep operator) neural networks still rely on accurately learning the initial and/or boundary conditions of the system of differential equations they are solving. In contrast, standard numerical methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rüdiger Brecht , Dmytro R. Popovych , Alex Bihlo , Roman O. Popovych

Deep neural operators are recognized as an effective tool for learning solution operators of complex partial differential equations (PDEs). As compared to laborious analytical and computational tools, a single neural operator can predict…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-14 Navaneeth N , Tapas Tripura , Souvik Chakraborty

Neural operator learning directly constructs the mapping relationship from the equation parameter space to the solution space, enabling efficient direct inference in practical applications without the need for repeated solution of partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Heng Wu , Junjie Wang , Benzhuo Lu

We consider an inverse problem involving the reconstruction of the solution to a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) with unknown boundary conditions. Instead of direct boundary data, we are provided with a large dataset of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-07-30 Erik Burman , Mats G. Larson , Karl Larsson , Carl Lundholm

We prove a priori and a posteriori error estimates for physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for linear PDEs. We analyze elliptic equations in primal and mixed form, elasticity, parabolic, hyperbolic and Stokes equations; and a PDE…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-03-11 Marius Zeinhofer , Rami Masri , Kent-André Mardal

Self-training techniques have shown remarkable value across many deep learning models and tasks. However, such techniques remain largely unexplored when considered in the context of learning fast solvers for systems of partial differential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Ritam Majumdar , Amey Varhade , Shirish Karande , Lovekesh Vig

Neural operators learn to map initial conditions to the terminal solution of partial differential equations (PDEs), providing a surrogate for the full operator mapping. This enables rapid prediction across different input configurations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Runlong Xie , An Luo