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Python type annotations enable static type checking, but most code remains untyped because manual annotation is time-consuming and tedious. Past approaches to automatic type inference fall short: static methods struggle with dynamic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Juan Altmayer Pizzorno , Emery D. Berger

Type inference for dynamic programming languages such as Python is an important yet challenging task. Static type inference techniques can precisely infer variables with enough static constraints but are unable to handle variables with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Yun Peng , Cuiyun Gao , Zongjie Li , Bowei Gao , David Lo , Qirun Zhang , Michael Lyu

Python's dynamic type system, while offering significant flexibility and expressiveness, poses substantial challenges for static analysis and automated tooling, particularly in unannotated or partially annotated codebases. Existing type…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Ali Aman , Muhammad Asaduzzaman , Shaowei Wang

Python type inference is challenging in practice. Due to its dynamic properties and extensive dependencies on third-party libraries without type annotations, the performance of traditional static analysis techniques is limited. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Siwei Cui , Gang Zhao , Zeyu Dai , Luochao Wang , Ruihong Huang , Jeff Huang

Dynamic languages, such as Python and Javascript, trade static typing for developer flexibility and productivity. Lack of static typing can cause run-time exceptions and is a major factor for weak IDE support. To alleviate these issues, PEP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Amir M. Mir , Evaldas Latoskinas , Sebastian Proksch , Georgios Gousios

Static code analysis is a powerful approach to detect quality deficiencies such as performance bottlenecks, safety violations or security vulnerabilities already during a software system's implementation. Yet, as current software systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Eric Bodden

Gradual typing enables developers to annotate types of their own choosing, offering a flexible middle ground between no type annotations and a fully statically typed language. As more and more code bases get type-annotated, static type…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Yiu Wai Chow , Luca Di Grazia , Michael Pradel

Static analysis remains one of the most popular approaches for detecting and correcting poor or vulnerable program code. It involves the examination of code listings, test results, or other documentation to identify errors, violations of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Fitzroy D. Nembhard , Marco M. Carvalho

Recently, dynamically typed languages, such as Python, have gained unprecedented popularity. Although these languages alleviate the need for mandatory type annotations, types still play a critical role in program understanding and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Julian Dolby , Kavitha Srinivas

Context: Gradually-typed languages allow typed and untyped code to interoperate, but typically come with significant drawbacks. In some languages, the types are unreliable; in others, communication across type boundaries can be extremely…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Kuang-Chen Lu , Ben Greenman , Carl Meyer , Dino Viehland , Aniket Panse , Shriram Krishnamurthi

There has been growing interest in automatically predicting missing type annotations in programs written in Python and JavaScript. While prior methods have achieved impressive accuracy when predicting the most common types, they often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Jiayi Wei , Greg Durrett , Isil Dillig

This paper investigates a flow- and path-sensitive static information flow analysis. Compared with security type systems with fixed labels, it has been shown that flow-sensitive type systems accept more secure programs. We show that an…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Peixuan Li , Danfeng Zhang

Gradual typing enables programmers to combine static and dynamic typing in the same language. However, ensuring a sound interaction between the static and dynamic parts can incur significant runtime cost. In this paper, we perform a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Michael M. Vitousek , Jeremy G. Siek , Avik Chaudhuri

Due to the rise of machine learning, Python is an increasingly popular programming language. Python, however, is dynamically typed. Dynamic typing has shown to have drawbacks when a project grows, while at the same time it improves…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Casper Boone , Niels de Bruin , Arjan Langerak , Fabian Stelmach

Due to increasingly complex software design and rapid iterative development, code defects and security vulnerabilities are prevalent in modern software. In response, programmers rely on static analysis tools to regularly scan their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Anant Kharkar , Roshanak Zilouchian Moghaddam , Matthew Jin , Xiaoyu Liu , Xin Shi , Colin Clement , Neel Sundaresan

In recent years, dynamic languages, such as JavaScript or Python, have been increasingly used in a wide range of fields and applications. Their tricky and misunderstood behaviors pose a hard challenge for static analysis of these…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Vincenzo Arceri , Isabella Mastroeni

A long-standing shortcoming of statically typed functional languages is that type checking does not rule out pattern-matching failures (run-time match exceptions). Refinement types distinguish different values of datatypes; if a program…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Khurram A. Jafery , Jana Dunfield

This paper describes how to adapt a static code analyzer to help novice programmers. Current analyzers have been built to give feedback to experienced programmers who build new applications or systems. The type of feedback and the type of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Tim Blok , Ansgar Fehnker

As Python is increasingly being adopted for large and complex programs, the importance of static analysis for Python (such as type inference) grows. Unfortunately, static analysis for Python remains a challenging task due to its dynamic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ingkarat Rak-amnouykit , Ana Milanova , Guillaume Baudart , Martin Hirzel , Julian Dolby

In this paper, our aim is to propose a model for code abstraction, based on abstract interpretation, allowing us to improve the precision of a recently proposed static analysis by abstract interpretation of dynamic languages. The problem we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Isabella Mastroeni , Vincenzo Arceri
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