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Gradual typing has gained popularity as a design choice for integrating static and dynamic typing within a single language. Several practical languages have adopted gradual typing to offer programmers the flexibility to annotate their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Senxi Li , Feng Dai , Tetsuro Yamazaki , Shigeru Chiba

Dynamically typed languages such as Python have become very popular. Among other strengths, Python's dynamic nature and its straightforward linking to native code have made it the de-facto language for many research areas such as Artificial…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Wenting Zhao , Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Julian Dolby , Kavitha Srinivas , Mossad Helali , Essam Mansour

Despite their ability to aid developers in detecting potential defects early in the software development life cycle, static analysis tools often suffer from precision issues (i.e., high false positive rates of reported alarms). To improve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yuwei Zhang , Ying Xing , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Static type errors are a common stumbling block for newcomers to typed functional languages. We present a dynamic approach to explaining type errors by generating counterexample witness inputs that illustrate how an ill-typed program goes…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Eric L Seidel , Ranjit Jhala , Westley Weimer

Python is a popular dynamic programming language, evidenced by its ranking as the second most commonly used language on GitHub. However, its dynamic type system can lead to potential type errors, leading researchers to explore automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Yun Peng , Chaozheng Wang , Wenxuan Wang , Cuiyun Gao , Michael R. Lyu

Recent years have seen growing interest in the retrofitting of type systems onto dynamically-typed programming languages, in order to improve type safety, programmer productivity, or performance. In such cases, type system developers must…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-05-05 Esben Andreasen , Colin S. Gordon , Satish Chandra , Manu Sridharan , Frank Tip , Koushik Sen

Strategy languages enable programmers to compose rewrite rules into strategies and control their application. This is useful in programming languages, e.g., for describing program transformations compositionally, but also in automated…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Rongxiao Fu , Ornela Dardha , Michel Steuwer

Statically analyzing dynamically-typed code is a challenging endeavor, as even seemingly trivial tasks such as determining the targets of procedure calls are non-trivial without knowing the types of objects at compile time. Addressing this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Lukas Seidel , Sedick David Baker Effendi , Xavier Pinho , Konrad Rieck , Brink van der Merwe , Fabian Yamaguchi

Dynamic Programming Languages are quite popular because they increase the programmer's productivity. However, the absence of types in the source code makes the program written in these languages difficult to understand and virtual machines…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-01-17 Abhinav Jangda , Gaurav Anand

A type system combining type application, constants as types, union types (associative, commutative and idempotent) and recursive types has recently been proposed for statically typing path polymorphism, the ability to define functions that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Juan Edi , Andrés Viso , Eduardo Bonelli

Strictness analysis is critical to efficient implementation of languages with non-strict evaluation, mitigating much of the performance overhead of laziness. However, reasoning about strictness at the source level can be challenging and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Daniel Sainati , Joseph W. Cutler , Benjamin C. Pierce , Stephanie Weirich

Designing a static analysis is generally a substantial undertaking, requiring significant expertise in both program analysis and the domain of the program analysis, and significant development resources. As a result, most program analyses…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Colin S. Gordon

Gradual typing combines static and dynamic typing in the same language, offering the benefits of both to programmers. Static typing provides error detection and strong guarantees while dynamic typing enables rapid prototyping and flexible…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-10-27 Michael M. Vitousek , Jeremy G. Siek

Pointer analysis is a fundamental static program analysis for computing the set of objects that an expression can refer to. Decades of research has gone into developing methods of varying precision and efficiency for pointer analysis for…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-10-07 K. Tuncay Tekle , Yanhong A. Liu

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) often causes overfitting to specific prompt wording, where minor phrasing variations drastically reduce performance. To address this, we propose Prompt-Agnostic Fine-Tuning (PAFT), a method that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Chenxing Wei , Yao Shu , Mingwen Ou , Ying Tiffany He , Fei Richard Yu

Probabilistic programming is perfectly suited to reliable and transparent data science, as it allows the user to specify their models in a high-level language without worrying about the complexities of how to fit the models. Static analysis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Ryan Bernstein , Matthijs Vákár , Jeannette Wing

Dynamic languages such as Ruby, Python, and JavaScript have many compelling benefits, but the lack of static types means subtle errors can remain latent in code for a long time. While many researchers have developed various systems to bring…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-04-14 Brianna M. Ren , Jeffrey S. Foster

Programs that process data that reside in files are widely used in varied domains, such as banking, healthcare, and web-traffic analysis. Precise static analysis of these programs in the context of software verification and transformation…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2015-04-06 Raveendra Kumar Medicherla , Raghavan Komondoor , S. Narendran

Due to the long runtime of Data Science (DS) pipelines, even small programming mistakes can be very costly, if they are not detected statically. However, even basic static type checking of DS pipelines is difficult because most are written…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Lars Reimann , Günter Kniesel-Wünsche

Path polymorphism is the ability to define functions that can operate uniformly over arbitrary recursively specified data structures. Its essence is captured by patterns of the form $x\,y$ which decompose a compound data structure into its…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Andrés Viso , Eduardo Bonelli , Mauricio Ayala-Rincón