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This paper introduces ES-KT-24, a novel multimodal Knowledge Tracing (KT) dataset for intelligent tutoring systems in educational game contexts. Although KT is crucial in adaptive learning, existing datasets often lack game-based and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Dohee Kim , Unggi Lee , Sookbun Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Taekyung Ahn , Jaekwon Park , Gunho Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

As an important technique for modeling the knowledge states of learners, the traditional knowledge tracing (KT) models have been widely used to support intelligent tutoring systems and MOOC platforms. Driven by the fast advancements of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Yu Lu , Deliang Wang , Qinggang Meng , Penghe Chen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict learners' future performance from past interactions. While recent KT approaches have improved via learning item representations aligned with Knowledge Components, they overlook the procedural dynamics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jun Seo , Sangwon Ryu , Heejin Do , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

A central goal of both knowledge tracing and traditional assessment is to quantify student knowledge and skills at a given point in time. Deep knowledge tracing flexibly considers a student's response history but does not quantify epistemic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-25 S. Thomas Christie , Carson Cook , Anna N. Rafferty

Students learning algorithms often need support as they interpret traces, debug reasoning errors, and apply procedures across unfamiliar problem instances. In this paper, we present KITE (Knowledge-Informed Tutoring Engine), a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mragisha Jain , Tirth Bhatt , Griffin Pitts , Aum Pandya , Peter Brusilovsky , Narges Norouzi , Arto Hellas , Juho Leinonen , Bita Akram

Knowledge Transfer (KT) techniques tackle the problem of transferring the knowledge from a large and complex neural network into a smaller and faster one. However, existing KT methods are tailored towards classification tasks and they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-21 Nikolaos Passalis , Anastasios Tefas

Using Artificial Intelligence to improve teaching and learning benefits greater adaptivity and scalability in education. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is recognized for student modeling task due to its superior performance and application…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Woojin Kim , Changkwon Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

In this paper, we study knowledge tracing in the domain of programming education and make two important contributions. First, we harvest and publish so far the most comprehensive dataset, namely BePKT, which covers various online behaviors…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Renyu Zhu , Dongxiang Zhang , Chengcheng Han , Ming Gao , Xuesong Lu , Weining Qian , Aoying Zhou

Significant memory and computational requirements of large deep neural networks restrict their application on edge devices. Knowledge distillation (KD) is a prominent model compression technique for deep neural networks in which the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Aref Jafari , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Pranav Sharma , Ali Ghodsi

Decentralized collaborative learning under data heterogeneity and privacy constraints has rapidly advanced. However, existing solutions like federated learning, ensembles, and transfer learning, often fail to adequately serve the unique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Norah Alballa , Wenxuan Zhang , Ziquan Liu , Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem , Mohamed Elhoseiny , Marco Canini

Knowledge tracing plays a pivotal role in intelligent tutoring systems. This task aims to predict the probability of students answering correctly to specific questions. To do so, knowledge tracing systems should trace the knowledge state of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Hyeondey Kim , Jinwoo Nam , Minjae Lee , Yun Jegal , Kyungwoo Song

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is fundamental to intelligent education systems, yet relies on educational logs that are selectively observed. The non-random nature of exercise recommendations and student choices inevitably induces severe selection…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Peilin Zhan , Wei Chen , Weilin Chen , Shuyi Pan , Ruichu Cai

The expansion of large-scale online education platforms has made vast amounts of student interaction data available for knowledge tracing (KT). KT models estimate students' concept mastery from interaction data, but their performance is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Qinyi Liu , Lin Li , Valdemar Švábenský , Conrad Borchers , Mohammad Khalil

Personalized recommendation is a key feature of intelligent tutoring systems, typically relying on accurate models of student knowledge. Knowledge Tracing (KT) models enable this by estimating a student's mastery based on their historical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

Continual learning (CL) has two main objectives: preventing catastrophic forgetting (CF) and encouraging knowledge transfer (KT). The existing literature mainly focused on overcoming CF. Some work has also been done on KT when the tasks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu , Wenhan Xiong , Asli Celikyilmaz , Haoran Li

Deep learning models, particularly recurrent neural networks and their variants, such as long short-term memory, have significantly advanced time series data analysis. These models capture complex, sequential patterns in time series,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Nilushika Udayangani , Kishor Nandakishor , Marimuthu Palaniswami

With more deep learning techniques being introduced into the knowledge tracing domain, the interpretability issue of the knowledge tracing models has aroused researchers' attention. Our previous study(Lu et al. 2020) on building and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Deliang Wang , Yu Lu , Qinggang Meng , Penghe Chen

Knowledge tracing and dropout prediction are crucial for online education to estimate students' knowledge states or to prevent dropout rates. While traditional systems interacting with students suffered from data sparsity and overfitting,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Jungbae Park , Jinyoung Kim , Soonwoo Kwon , Sang Wan Lee

Due to the concise and structured nature of tables, the knowledge contained therein may be incomplete or missing, posing a significant challenge for table question answering (TableQA) and data analysis systems. Most existing datasets either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Mengkang Hu , Haoyu Dong , Ping Luo , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Active learning (AL) is designed to construct a high-quality labeled dataset by iteratively selecting the most informative samples. Such sampling heavily relies on data representation, while recently pre-training is popular for robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Beichen Zhang , Liang Li , Zheng-Jun Zha , Jiebo Luo , Qingming Huang