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Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered tutoring chatbots, showing promise in providing broad access to high-quality personalized education. Existing works have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Alexander Scarlatos , Ryan S. Baker , Andrew Lan

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a crucial basis for pedagogical decision-making, namely which task to select next for a learner and when to stop teaching a particular skill. Given the high stakes of pedagogical decisions, KT models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Adia Khalid , Alina Deriyeva , Benjamin Paassen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to track proficiency based on a question-solving history, allowing us to offer a streamlined curriculum. Recent studies actively utilize attention-based mechanisms to capture the correlation between questions and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Yoonjin Im , Eunseong Choi , Heejin Kook , Jongwuk Lee

This paper addresses the importance of Knowledge Structure (KS) and Knowledge Tracing (KT) in improving the recommendation of educational content in intelligent tutoring systems. The KS represents the relations between different Knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Louis Annabi , Sao Mai Nguyen

The rise of online learning has led to the development of various knowledge tracing (KT) methods. However, existing methods have overlooked the problem of increasing computational cost when utilizing large graphs and long learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Donghee Han , Daehee Kim , Minjun Lee , Daeyoung Roh , Keejun Han , Mun Yong Yi

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical component in online learning, but traditional approaches face limitations in interpretability and cross-domain adaptability. This paper introduces Language Model-based Code Knowledge Tracing (CodeLKT),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Yeonji Jung , Minji Kang , Gyuri Byun , Yeonseo Lee , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

Emerging Knowledge Tracing (KT) models, particularly deep learning and attention-based Knowledge Tracing, have shown great potential in realizing personalized learning analysis via prediction of students' future performance based on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Shubham Kose , Jin Wei-Kocsis

Knowledge tracing (KT) enhances student learning by leveraging past performance to predict future performance. Current research utilizes models based on attention mechanisms and recurrent neural network structures to capture long-term…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yang Cao , Wei Zhang

Designed to track changes in students' knowledge status and predict their future answers based on students' historical answer records. Current research on KT modeling focuses on predicting future student performance based on existing,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Zhanlong Wang , Lu Bai , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu , Yuanyan Tang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' evolving knowledge states to predict future performance, serving as a foundation for personalized education. While traditional deep learning models achieve high accuracy, they often lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Runze Li , Kedi Chen , Guwei Feng , Mo Yu , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

In Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), tracing the student's knowledge state during learning has been studied for several decades in order to provide more supportive learning instructions. In this paper, we propose a novel model for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Sein Minn , Yi Yu , Michel C. Desmarais , Feida Zhu , Jill Jenn Vie

For offering proactive services to students in intelligent education, one of the fundamental tasks is predicting their performance (e.g., scores) on future exercises, where it is necessary to track each student's knowledge acquisition…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Yu Yin , Enhong Chen , Hui Xiong , Yu Su , Guoping Hu

Intelligent tutoring systems optimize the selection and timing of learning materials to enhance understanding and long-term retention. This requires estimates of both the learner's progress (''knowledge tracing''; KT), and the prerequisite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Hanqi Zhou , Robert Bamler , Charley M. Wu , Álvaro Tejero-Cantero

Deep learning based knowledge tracing model has been shown to outperform traditional knowledge tracing model without the need for human-engineered features, yet its parameters and representations have long been criticized for not being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Chun-Kit Yeung

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model a student's learning trajectory and predict performance on the next question. A key challenge is how to better represent the relationships among students, questions, and knowledge concepts (KCs).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Chi Yu , Hongyu Yuan , Zhiyi Duan

The 2017 ASSISTments Data Mining competition aims to use data from a longitudinal study for predicting a brand-new outcome of students which had never been studied before by the educational data mining research community. Specifically, it…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Chun-kit Yeung , Zizheng Lin , Kai Yang , Dit-yan Yeung

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models face a critical ``Performance-Complexity Trap'': capturing complex cognitive dynamics like learning sessions and memory decay typically requires deep hierarchical architectures, which incur prohibitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xiao-li Xia , Hou-biao Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to trace changes in students' knowledge states throughout their entire learning process by analyzing their historical learning data and predicting their future learning performance. Existing forgetting curve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Shanshan Wang , Ying Hu , Xun Yang , Zhongzhou Zhang , Keyang Wang , Xingyi Zhang

We consider the equity and fairness of curricula derived from Knowledge Tracing models. We begin by defining a unifying notion of an equitable tutoring system as a system that achieves maximum possible knowledge in minimal time for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Sebastian Tschiatschek , Maria Knobelsdorf , Adish Singla