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Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at producing broadly relevant text, but this generality becomes a limitation when user-specific preferences are required, such as recommending restaurants or planning travel. In these scenarios, users…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ioannis Tsaknakis , Bingqing Song , Shuyu Gan , Dongyeop Kang , Alfredo Garcia , Gaowen Liu , Charles Fleming , Mingyi Hong

In this paper we provide a first analysis of the research questions that arise when dealing with the problem of communicating pieces of formal argumentation through natural language interfaces. It is a generally held opinion that formal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Federico Cerutti , Alice Toniolo , Timothy J. Norman

Chatbots are conversational software applications designed to interact dialectically with users for a plethora of different purposes. Surprisingly, these colloquial agents have only recently been coupled with computational models of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Federico Castagna , Nadin Kokciyan , Isabel Sassoon , Simon Parsons , Elizabeth Sklar

Language agents have demonstrated remarkable potential in web search and information retrieval. However, these search agents assume user queries are complete and unambiguous, an assumption that diverges from reality where users begin with…

The cognitive process of Search-as-Learning (SAL) is most effective when searching promotes active encoding of information. The rise of LLMs-based chatbots, which provide instant answers, introduces a trade-off between efficiency and depth…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yeonsun Yang , Ahyeon Shin , Mincheol Kang , Jiheon Kang , Xu Wang , Jean Y. Song

Recommender systems are software applications that help users find items of interest in situations of information overload in a personalized way, using knowledge about the needs and preferences of individual users. In conversational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Tommaso Di Noia , Francesco Donini , Dietmar Jannach , Fedelucio Narducci , Claudio Pomo

Domain specific chatbot applications often involve multi step interactions, such as refining search filters, selecting multiple items, or performing comparisons. Traditional graphical user interfaces (GUIs) handle these workflows by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Sanjay Krishna Anbalagan , Xinrui Nie , Umesh Mohan , Vijay Kumar Kanamarlapudi , Anughna Kommalapati , Xiaodan Zhao

Chatbots are software agents that are able to interact with humans in natural language. Their intuitive interaction paradigm is expected to significantly reshape the software landscape of tomorrow, while already today chatbots are invading…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Marcos Baez , Florian Daniel , Fabio Casati , Boualem Benatallah

Conversational search systems increasingly employ clarifying questions to refine user queries and improve the search experience. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of text-based clarifying questions in enhancing both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Clemencia Siro , Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Yifei Yuan , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Maarten de Rijke

Instruments such as eye-tracking devices have contributed to understanding how users interact with screen-based search engines. However, user-system interactions in audio-only channels -- as is the case for Spoken Conversational Search…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Kaixin Ji , Sachin Pathiyan Cherumanal , Johanne R. Trippas , Danula Hettiachchi , Flora D. Salim , Falk Scholer , Damiano Spina

When interacting with information retrieval (IR) systems, users, affected by confirmation biases, tend to select search results that confirm their existing beliefs on socially significant contentious issues. To understand the judgments and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ben Wang , Jiqun Liu

Users often formulate their search queries with immature language without well-developed keywords and complete structures. Such queries fail to express their true information needs and raise ambiguity as fragmental language often yield…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Zhenduo Wang , Qingyao Ai

In computer interfaces in general, especially in information retrieval tasks, it is important to be able to quickly find and retrieve information. State of the art approach, used, for example, in search engines, is not effective as it…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-02-20 Dmytro Filatov , Taras Filatov

Conversational search interfaces, like ChatGPT, offer an interactive, personalized, and engaging user experience compared to traditional search. On the downside, they are prone to cause overtrust issues where users rely on their responses…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mert Yazan , Frederik Bungaran Ishak Situmeang , Suzan Verberne

Systems powered by artificial intelligence are being developed to be more user-friendly by communicating with users in a progressively human-like conversational way. Chatbots, also known as dialogue systems, interactive conversational…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Kennedy Ralston , Yuhao Chen , Haruna Isah , Farhana Zulkernine

Chatbot is a machine with the ability to answer automatically through a conversational interface. A chatbot is considered as one of the most exceptional and promising expressions of human computer interaction. Voice-based chatbots or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Sagina Athikkal , John Jenq

The use of chatbots has spread, generating great interest in the industry for the possibility of automating tasks within the execution of their processes. The implementation of chatbots, however simple, is a complex endeavor that involves…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Bedilia Estrada-Torres , Adela del-Río-Ortega , Manuel Resinas

Aligning AI systems to users' interests requires understanding and incorporating humans' complex values and preferences. Recently, language models (LMs) have been used to gather information about the preferences of human users. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Kunal Handa , Yarin Gal , Ellie Pavlick , Noah Goodman , Jacob Andreas , Alex Tamkin , Belinda Z. Li

This paper reports on progress towards building an online language learning tool to provide learners with conversational experience by using dialog systems as conversation practice partners. Our system can adapt to users' language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Yu Li , Chun-Yen Chen , Dian Yu , Sam Davidson , Ryan Hou , Xun Yuan , Yinghua Tan , Derek Pham , Zhou Yu

Novel user interfaces based on artificial intelligence, such as natural-language agents, present new categories of engineering challenges. These systems need to cope with uncertainty and ambiguity, interface with machine learning…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Alex Renda , Harrison Goldstein , Sarah Bird , Chris Quirk , Adrian Sampson