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The evaluation of procedural content generation (PCG) systems for generating video game levels is a complex and contested topic. Ideally, the field would have access to robust, generalisable and widely accepted evaluation approaches that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Oliver Withington , Michael Cook , Laurissa Tokarchuk

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) has demonstrated its usefulness as a content and game creation approach, and has been shown to be able to support human creativity. An important facet of creativity is combinational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Sam Snodgrass , Anurag Sarkar

Procedural Level Generation via Machine Learning (PLGML), the study of generating game levels with machine learning, has received a large amount of recent academic attention. For certain measures these approaches have shown success at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Matthew Guzdial , Nicholas Liao , Mark Riedl

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) offers a method for training controllable level designer agents without the need for human datasets, using metrics that serve as proxies for level quality as rewards. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Eugene Vinitsky , Julian Togelius

We present Word2Minecraft, a system that leverages large language models to generate playable game levels in Minecraft based on structured stories. The system transforms narrative elements-such as protagonist goals, antagonist challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Shuo Huang , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Steven James , Julian Togelius

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a machine learning approach capable of generating novel example outputs across a space of provided training examples. Procedural Content Generation (PCG) of levels for video games could benefit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Vanessa Volz , Jacob Schrum , Jialin Liu , Simon M. Lucas , Adam Smith , Sebastian Risi

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) offers scalable methods for algorithmically creating complex, customizable worlds. However, controlling these pipelines requires the precise configuration of opaque technical parameters. We propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Lim Chien Her , Ming Yan , Yunshu Bai , Ruihao Li , Hao Zhang

Reward design plays a pivotal role in the training of game AIs, requiring substantial domain-specific knowledge and human effort. In recent years, several studies have explored reward generation for training game agents and controlling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 In-Chang Baek , Sung-Hyun Kim , Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Jin-Ha Noh , Julian Togelius , Kyung-Joong Kim

Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) has enhanced game content creation, yet challenges in controllability and limited training data persist. This study addresses these issues by distilling a constructive PCG algorithm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuhe Nie , Michael Middleton , Tim Merino , Nidhushan Kanagaraja , Ashutosh Kumar , Zhan Zhuang , Julian Togelius

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) foregoes the need for large human-authored data-sets and allows agents to train explicitly on functional constraints, using computable, user-defined measures of quality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Zehua Jiang , Sam Earle , Michael Cerny Green , Julian Togelius

We investigate how reinforcement learning can be used to train level-designing agents. This represents a new approach to procedural content generation in games, where level design is framed as a game, and the content generator itself is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Sam Earle , Julian Togelius

Procedural content generation (PCG) has recently become one of the hottest topics in computational intelligence and AI game researches. Among a variety of PCG techniques, search-based approaches overwhelmingly dominate PCG development at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-10-10 Jonathan Roberts , Ke Chen

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) in games involves using machine learning techniques to create game content such as maps and levels. 2D tile-based game levels have consistently served as a standard dataset for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mahsa Bazzaz , Seth Cooper

In this work, we present TOAD-GAN (Token-based One-shot Arbitrary Dimension Generative Adversarial Network), a novel Procedural Content Generation (PCG) algorithm that generates token-based video game levels. TOAD-GAN follows the SinGAN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Maren Awiszus , Frederik Schubert , Bodo Rosenhahn

The procedural generation of video game levels has existed for at least 30 years, but only recently have machine learning approaches been used to generate levels without specifying the rules for generation. A number of these have looked at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-10 Adam Summerville , Michael Mateas

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools, capable of leveraging their training on natural language to write stories, generate code, and answer questions. But can they generate functional video game levels? Game levels, with their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Graham Todd , Sam Earle , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Michael Cerny Green , Julian Togelius

Procedural content generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) is the umbrella term for approaches that generate content for games via machine learning. One of the benefits of PCGML is that, unlike search or grammar-based PCG, it does not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Matthew Guzdial , Joshua Reno , Jonathan Chen , Gillian Smith , Mark Riedl

We introduce the concept of Procedural Content Generation via Knowledge Transformation (PCG-KT), a new lens and framework for characterizing PCG methods and approaches in which content generation is enabled by the process of knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Anurag Sarkar , Matthew Guzdial , Sam Snodgrass , Adam Summerville , Tiago Machado , Gillian Smith

Procedurally generated video game content has the potential to drastically reduce the content creation budget of game developers and large studios. However, adoption is hindered by limitations such as slow generation, as well as low quality…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Michael Beukman , Christopher W Cleghorn , Steven James

Large language models(LLMS)have shown excellent text generation capabilities, capable of generating fluent human-like responses for many downstream tasks. However, applying large language models to real-world critical tasks remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Le Xiao , Xin Shan