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Toxicity annotators and content moderators often default to mental shortcuts when making decisions. This can lead to subtle toxicity being missed, and seemingly toxic but harmless content being over-detected. We introduce BiasX, a framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Yiming Zhang , Sravani Nanduri , Liwei Jiang , Tongshuang Wu , Maarten Sap

Hate speech is harmful content that directly attacks or promotes hatred against members of groups or individuals based on actual or perceived aspects of identity, such as racism, religion, or sexual orientation. This can affect social life…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Arijit Das , Somashree Nandy , Rupam Saha , Srijan Das , Diganta Saha

State-of-the-art Diffusion Models (DMs) produce highly realistic images. While prior work has successfully mitigated Not Safe For Work (NSFW) content in the visual domain, we identify a novel threat: the generation of NSFW text embedded…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Aditya Kumar , Tom Blanchard , Adam Dziedzic , Franziska Boenisch

The automatic identification of harmful content online is of major concern for social media platforms, policymakers, and society. Researchers have studied textual, visual, and audio content, but typically in isolation. Yet, harmful content…

Social media influence campaigns pose significant challenges to public discourse and democracy. Traditional detection methods fall short due to the complexity and dynamic nature of social media. Addressing this, we propose a novel detection…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Luca Luceri , Eric Boniardi , Emilio Ferrara

The emergence of Multimodal Foundation Models (MFMs) holds significant promise for transforming social media platforms. However, this advancement also introduces substantial security and ethical concerns, as it may facilitate malicious…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Kristina Radivojevic , Christopher McAleer , Catrell Conley , Cormac Kennedy , Paul Brenner

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) are increasingly used for tasks where detecting multimodal harmful content is crucial, such as online content moderation. However, real-world harmful content is often camouflaged, relying on nuanced…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yanhui Li , Qi Zhou , Zhihong Xu , Huizhong Guo , Wenhai Wang , Dongxia Wang

Although there have been automated approaches and tools supporting toxicity censorship for social posts, most of them focus on detection. Toxicity censorship is a complex process, wherein detection is just an initial task and a user can…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yaqiong Li , Peng Zhang , Hansu Gu , Tun Lu , Siyuan Qiao , Yubo Shu , Yiyang Shao , Ning Gu

In the digital age, hate speech poses a threat to the functioning of social media platforms as spaces for public discourse. Top-down approaches to moderate hate speech encounter difficulties due to conflicts with freedom of expression and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Jana Lasser , Alina Herderich , Joshua Garland , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , David Garcia , Mirta Galesic

Evidence-enhanced detectors present remarkable abilities in identifying malicious social text. However, the rise of large language models (LLMs) brings potential risks of evidence pollution to confuse detectors. This paper explores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Herun Wan , Minnan Luo , Zhixiong Su , Guang Dai , Xiang Zhao

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to their extensive global deployment, and ensuring their safety calls for comprehensive and multilingual toxicity evaluations. However, existing toxicity benchmarks are overwhelmingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Devansh Jain , Priyanshu Kumar , Samuel Gehman , Xuhui Zhou , Thomas Hartvigsen , Maarten Sap

Text classification methods have been widely investigated as a way to detect content of low credibility: fake news, social media bots, propaganda, etc. Quite accurate models (likely based on deep neural networks) help in moderating public…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Piotr Przybyła , Alexander Shvets , Horacio Saggion

The widespread deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about subtle social biases embedded in their outputs. Existing guardrails often fail when faced with indirect or contextually complex bias-inducing prompts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sina Salimian , Gias Uddin , Sumon Biswas , Henry Leung

With proliferation of user generated contents in social media platforms, establishing mechanisms to automatically identify toxic and abusive content becomes a prime concern for regulators, researchers, and society. Keeping the balance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Djamila Romaissa Beddiar , Md Saroar Jahan , Mourad Oussalah

The widespread use of social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook has enabled people of all ages to share their thoughts and experiences, leading to an immense accumulation of user-generated content. However, alongside the benefits,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Aniket Deroy , Subhankar Maity

Social media platforms such as Twitter (now X) provide rich data for analyzing public discourse, especially during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the brevity, informality, and noise of social media short texts often hinder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Wangjiaxuan Xin , Shuhua Yin , Shi Chen , Yaorong Ge

The exponential growth of social media has profoundly transformed how information is created, disseminated, and absorbed, exceeding any precedent in the digital age. Regrettably, this explosion has also spawned a significant increase in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Hongzhan Lin , Ziyang Luo , Bo Wang , Ruichao Yang , Jing Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in Natural Language Processing but remain vulnerable to fairness-related issues, often reflecting biases inherent in their training data. These biases pose risks, particularly when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Harishwar Reddy , Madhusudan Srinivasan , Upulee Kanewala

Large Language Models are widely used for content moderation but often present certain over-sensitivity, leading to misclassification of benign content and rejecting safe user commands. While previous research attributes this issue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yuxin Wang , Botao Yu , Ivory Yang , Saeed Hassanpour , Soroush Vosoughi

Ensuring that online discussions are civil and productive is a major challenge for social media platforms. Such platforms usually rely both on users and on automated detection tools to flag inappropriate arguments of other users, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Timon Ziegenbein , Gabriella Skitalinskaya , Alireza Bayat Makou , Henning Wachsmuth