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The Traveling Thief Problem (TTP) is a multi-component optimization problem that captures the interplay between routing and packing decisions by combining the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and the Knapsack Problem (KP). The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jan Eube , Kelin Luo , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Heiko Röglin

Generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of classical traveling salesman problem (TSP), which is a combinatorial optimization problem and an NP-hard problem. In this paper, an efficient discrete state transition…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-22 Xiaolin Tang , Chunhua Yang , Xiaojun Zhou , Weihua Gui

The well known $4/3$ conjecture states that the integrality ratio of the subtour LP is at most $4/3$ for metric Traveling Salesman instances. We present a family of Euclidean Traveling Salesman instances for which we prove that the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Stefan Hougardy , Xianghui Zhong

We consider the bicriteria asymmetric travelling salesman problem (bi-ATSP). Optimal solution to a multicriteria problem is usually supposed to be the Pareto set, which is rather wide in real-world problems. For the first time we apply to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Aleksey O. Zakharov , Yulia V. Kovalenko

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), finding a minimal weighted Hamilton cycle in a graph, is a typical problem in operation research and combinatorial optimization. In this paper, based on some novel properties on Hamilton graphs, we…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Heping Jiang

We consider the integrality gap of the subtour LP relaxation of the Traveling Salesman Problem restricted to circulant instances. De Klerk and Dobre conjectured that the value of the optimal solution to the subtour LP on these instances is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Samuel C. Gutekunst , David P. Williamson

We present a compact quantum encoding of the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) based on a time-register representation of tours. A candidate route is represented as a sequence of $n$ city labels over discrete time steps, with one fixed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Alexander Johannes Stasik , Franz Georg Fuchs

In this paper, we present a polynomial-sized linear programming formulation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). The proposed linear program is a network flow-based model. Numerical implementation issues and results are discussed. (The…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-07-11 Moustapha Diaby

The travelling thief problem (TTP) is a multi-component optimisation problem involving two interdependent NP-hard components: the travelling salesman problem (TSP) and the knapsack problem (KP). Recent state-of-the-art TTP solvers modify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Majid Namazi , Conrad Sanderson , M. A. Hakim Newton , Abdul Sattar

This paper aims to develop a learning method for a special class of traveling salesman problems (TSP), namely, the pickup-and-delivery TSP (PDTSP), which finds the shortest tour along a sequence of one-to-one pickup-and-delivery nodes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Bowen Fang , Xu Chen , Xuan Di

TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem), a classic NP-complete problem in combinatorial optimization, is of great significance in multiple fields. Exact algorithms for TSP are not practical due to their exponential time cost. Thus, approximate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Yang Li , Junbin Gao , Mingyuan Bai , Chengjun Li , Gang Liu

We show that the problem of counting the number of 2-optimal tours in instances of the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP) on complete graphs is #P-complete. In addition, we show that the expected number of 2-optimal tours in random…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Bodo Manthey , Jesse van Rhijn

An important variant of the classic Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is the Dynamic TSP, in which a system with dynamic constraints is tasked with visiting a set of n target locations (in any order) in the shortest amount of time. Such…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Aviv Adler , Oren Gal , Sertac Karaman

The minmax multiple traveling salesman problem involves minimizing the longest tour among a set of tours. The problem is of great practical interest because it can be used to formulate several real-life applications. To solve this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Pengfei He , Jin-Kao Hao , Jinhui Xia

Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a decision-making problem that is essential for a number of practical applications. Today, this problem is solved on digital computers exploiting Boolean-type architecture by checking one by one a number…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-02-13 Mykhaylo Balinskiy , Alexander Khitun

Pyramidal tours with step-backs are Hamiltonian tours of a special kind: the salesperson starts in city 1, then visits some cities in ascending order, reaches city $n$, and returns to city 1 visiting the remaining cities in descending…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-09 Andrei Nikolaev

We consider some generalizations of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Path problem. Suppose we have an asymmetric metric G = (V,A) with two distinguished nodes s,t. We are also given a positive integer k. The goal is to find k paths of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-12-15 Zachary Friggstad

We study a variant of the Traveling Salesman Problem, where instead of finding a single tour, we want to find a pair of two edge-disjoint tours whose longer tour is as short as possible. We investigate the Price of Diversity (PoD) for this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mark de Berg , Andrés López Martínez , Frits Spieksma

The Analyst's Traveling Salesman Problem asks for conditions under which a (finite or infinite) subset of $\mathbb{R}^N$ is contained on a curve of finite length. We show that for finite sets, the algorithm constructed by Schul (2007)and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Anthony Ramirez , Vyron Vellis

The $k$-opt algorithm is one of the simplest and most widely used heuristics for solving the traveling salesman problem. Starting from an arbitrary tour, the $k$-opt algorithm improves the current tour in each iteration by exchanging up to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Sophia Heimann , Hung P. Hoang , Stefan Hougardy