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Related papers: Benford's law and the C$\beta$E

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Benford's law is the statement that in many real-world data sets, the probability of having digit \(d\) in base \(B\), where \(1 \leq d \leq B\), as the first digit is \(\log_{B}\left(\tfrac{d+1}{d}\right)\). We sometimes refer to this as…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Bruce Fang , Ava Irons , Ella Lippelman , Steven J. Miller

Let $f_n$ be a random polynomial of degree $n$, whose coefficients are independent and identically distributed random variables with mean-zero and variance one. Let $\Delta(f_n)$ denote the discriminant of $f_n$, that is $\Delta(f_n) =…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-17 Marcus Michelen , Oren Yakir

Benford's law states that for many random variables X > 0 its leading digit D = D(X) satisfies approximately the equation P(D = d) = log_{10}(1 + 1/d) for d = 1,2,...,9. This phenomenon follows from another, maybe more intuitive fact,…

Probability · Mathematics 2008-06-25 Lutz Duembgen , Christoph Leuenberger

We introduce a framework to study the random entire function $\zeta_\beta$ whose zeros are given by the Sine$_\beta$ process, the bulk limit of beta ensembles. We present several equivalent characterizations, including an explicit power…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-04-20 Benedek Valkó , Bálint Virág

The Prime Numbers are well-known for their paradoxical stand regarding Benford's Law. On one hand they adamantly refuse to obey the law of Benford in the usual sense, namely that of a normal density of the proportion of primes with d as the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-03-29 Alex Ely Kossovsky

A statistical model for the fragmentation of a conserved quantity is analyzed, using the principle of maximum entropy and the theory of partitions. Upper and lower bounds for the restricted partitioning problem are derived and applied to…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-03-31 Joseph R. Iafrate , Steven J. Miller , Frederick W. Strauch

We prove connections between Zeckendorf decompositions and Benford's law. Recall that if we define the Fibonacci numbers by $F_1 = 1, F_2 = 2$ and $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$, every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of…

Benford's law is an empirical ``law'' governing the frequency of leading digits in numerical data sets. Surprisingly, for mathematical sequences the predictions derived from it can be uncannily accurate. For example, among the first billion…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-04-28 Zhaodong Cai , Matthew Faust , A. J. Hildebrand , Junxian Li , Yuan Zhang

In this paper we study the set of digit frequencies that are realised by elements of the set of $\beta$-expansions. The main result of this paper demonstrates that as $\beta$ approaches $1,$ the set of digit frequencies that occur amongst…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2017-11-29 Simon Baker

Benford's law is an empirical law predicting the distribution of the first significant digits of numbers obtained from natural phenomena and mathematical tables. It has been found to be applicable for numbers coming from a plethora of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-05 Ameya Deepak Rane , Utkarsh Mishra , Anindya Biswas , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

Feller's classic text 'An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications' contains a derivation of the well known significant-digit law called Benford's law. More specifically, Feller gives a sufficient condition ("large spread")…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-05-17 Arno Berger , Theodore P. Hill

In this paper, we will see that the proportion of d as leading digit, d $\in$ 1, 9, in data (obtained thanks to the hereunder developed model) is more likely to follow a law whose probability distribution is determined by a specific upper…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-06-13 Stéphane Blondeau da Silva

The log-partition function $ \log W_N(\beta)$ of the two-dimensional directed polymer in random environment is known to converge in distribution to a normal distribution when considering temperature in the subcritical regime…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Clément Cosco , Anna Donadini

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{ F_i \}_{i = 1}^{\infty}$. A set $S \subset \mathbb{Z}$ is said to satisfy Benford's law if the density…

We present a complete characterization of the asymptotic behaviour of a correlated Bernoulli sequence { which depends on the parameter $\theta \in [0,1]$. A martingale theory based approach will allow} us to prove versions of the law of…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-04-12 Manuel González-Navarrete , Rodrigo Lambert , Victor Hugo Vázquez Guevara

The occurrence of digits one through nine as the leftmost nonzero digit of numbers from real world sources is often not uniformly distributed, but instead, is distributed according to a logarithmic law, known as Benford's law. Here, we…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2010-05-14 Lijing Shao , Bo-Qiang Ma

Benford's law is widely used for fraud-detection nowadays. The underlying assumption for using the law is that a "regular" dataset follows the significant digit phenomenon. In this paper, we address the scenario where a shrewd fraudster…

Applications · Statistics 2021-05-21 Javad Kazemitabar

We prove that many sequences of positive numbers $(a_n)$ defined by finite linear difference equations $a_{n+k}=c_{k-1}a_{n+k-1}+...+c_0a_n$ with suitable non negative reals coefficients $c_i$ satisfy Bendford's Law on the first digit in…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2010-08-18 Hugues Deligny , Paul Jolissaint

Researchers have observed that the frequencies of leading digits in many man-made and naturally occurring datasets follow a logarithmic curve, with digits that start with the number 1 accounting for $\sim 30\%$ of all numbers in the dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Leo Hsu , Visar Berisha

That the logarithmic distribution manifests itself in the random as well as in the deterministic (multiplication processes) has long intrigued researchers in Benford's Law. In this article it is argued that it springs from one common…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-11-01 Alex Ely Kossovsky