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Finite mixtures of regressions with fixed covariates are a commonly used model-based clustering methodology to deal with regression data. However, they assume assignment independence, i.e. the allocation of data points to the clusters is…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-27 Salvatore D. Tomarchio , Paul D. McNicholas , Antonio Punzo

Multiple imputation (MI) is an established technique to handle missing data in observational studies. Joint modeling (JM) and fully conditional specification (FCS) are commonly used methods for imputing multilevel clustered data. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-28 Mei Dong , Aya Mitani

When the distribution of treatment effect modifiers differs between the trial sample and target population, inverse probability weighting (IPSW) can be applied to achieve an unbiased estimate of the population average treatment effect in…

Applications · Statistics 2022-03-04 Albee Y. Ling , Maria E. Montez-Rath , Kris Kapphahn , Manisha Desai

Marginal structural models (MSMs) are commonly used to estimate causal intervention effects in longitudinal non-randomised studies. A common issue when analysing data from observational studies is the presence of incomplete confounder data,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-12-02 Clemence Leyrat , James R Carpenter , Sebastien Bailly , Elizabeth J Willamson

Missing observations are common in cluster randomised trials. Approaches taken to handling such missing data include: complete case analysis, single-level multiple imputation that ignores the clustering, multiple imputation with a fixed…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-18 Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Michael G. Kenward , Manuel Gomes , Richard Grieve

In observational studies, weighting methods that directly optimize the balance between treatment and covariates have received much attention lately; however these have mainly focused on binary treatments. Inspired by domain adaptation, we…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-02-27 Guillaume Martinet

Widely used methods for analyzing missing data can be biased in small samples. To understand these biases, we evaluate in detail the situation where a small univariate normal sample, with values missing at random, is analyzed using either…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-27 Paul T. von Hippel

Missing value imputation is a fundamental challenge in machine intelligence, heavily dependent on data completeness. Current imputation methods often handle numerical and categorical attributes independently, overlooking critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Xiaopeng Luo , Zexi Tan , Zhuowei Wang

Weighting methods in causal inference have been widely used to achieve a desirable level of covariate balancing. However, the existing weighting methods have desirable theoretical properties only when a certain model, either the propensity…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-24 Insung Kong , Yuha Park , Joonhyuk Jung , Kwonsang Lee , Yongdai Kim

Missing data present challenges in data analysis. Naive analyses such as complete-case and available-case analysis may introduce bias and loss of efficiency, and produce unreliable results. Multiple imputation (MI) is one of the most widely…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-15 Domonique W. Hodge , Sandra E. Safo , Qi Long

Missingness is a common issue for neuroimaging data, and neglecting it in downstream statistical analysis can introduce bias and lead to misguided inferential conclusions. It is therefore crucial to conduct appropriate statistical methods…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-25 Tong Lu , Chixiang Chen , Hsin-Hsiung Huang , Peter Kochunov , Elliot Hong , Shuo Chen

Covariate adjustment can improve precision in analyzing randomized experiments. With fully observed data, regression adjustment and propensity score weighting are asymptotically equivalent in improving efficiency over unadjusted analysis.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-06 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding , Fan Li

Propensity score matching (PSM) has been widely used to mitigate confounding in observational studies, although complications arise when the covariates used to estimate the PS are only partially observed. Multiple imputation (MI) is a…

Applications · Statistics 2021-07-22 Albee Y. Ling , Maria E. Montez-Rath , Maya B. Mathur , Kris Kapphahn , Manisha Desai

Missing value imputation is a crucial preprocessing step for many machine learning problems. However, it is often considered as a separate subtask from downstream applications such as classification, regression, or clustering, and thus is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Adam Catto , Nan Jia , Ansaf Salleb-Aouissi , Anita Raja

Missing data is a systemic problem in practical scenarios that causes noise and bias when estimating treatment effects. This makes treatment effect estimation from data with missingness a particularly tricky endeavour. A key reason for this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-27 Jeroen Berrevoets , Fergus Imrie , Trent Kyono , James Jordon , Mihaela van der Schaar

A platform trial with a master protocol provides an infrastructure to ethically and efficiently evaluate multiple treatment options in multiple diseases. Given that certain study drugs can enter or exit a platform trial, the randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-15 Tianyu Zhan , Jane Zhang , Lei Shu , Yihua Gu

Missing data is an universal problem in statistics. We develop a unified framework for estimating parameters defined by general estimating equations under a missing-at-random (MAR) mechanism, based on generalized entropy calibration…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Mst Moushumi Pervin , Hengfang Wang , Jae Kwang Kim

To maximize clinical benefit, clinicians routinely tailor treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient, where individualized treatment rules are needed and are of significant research interest to statisticians. In the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-23 Trinetri Ghosh , Yanyuan Ma , Rui Song , Pingshou Zhong

A sample covariance matrix $\boldsymbol{S}$ of completely observed data is the key statistic in a large variety of multivariate statistical procedures, such as structured covariance/precision matrix estimation, principal component analysis,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-20 Seongoh Park , Xinlei Wang , Johan Lim

The Fine-Gray model for the subdistribution hazard is commonly used for estimating associations between covariates and competing risks outcomes. When there are missing values in the covariates included in a given model, researchers may wish…