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Including Artificial Neural Networks in embedded systems at the edge allows applications to exploit Artificial Intelligence capabilities directly within devices operating at the network periphery. This paper introduces Spiker+, a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Alessio Carpegna , Alessandro Savino , Stefano Di Carlo

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been widely used due to their strong biological interpretability and high energy efficiency. With the introduction of the backpropagation algorithm and surrogate gradient, the structure of spiking neural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jindong Li , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are powerful models of spatiotemporal computation and are well suited for deployment on resource-constrained edge devices and neuromorphic hardware due to their low power consumption. Leveraging attention…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Boxun Xu , Junyoung Hwang , Pruek Vanna-iampikul , Sung Kyu Lim , Peng Li

The growing popularity of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and their applications has led to a significant fast-paced increase of neuromorphic architectures capable of mimicking the spike-based data processing typical of biological neurons.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Michelangelo Barocci , Vittorio Fra , Enrico Macii , Gianvito Urgese

Using OpenCL-based high-level synthesis, we create a number of spiking neural network (SNN) simulators for the Potjans-Diesmann cortical microcircuit for a high-end Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Our best simulators simulate the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Björn A. Lindqvist , Artur Podobas

One of the most exciting advancements in AI over the last decade is the wide adoption of ANNs, such as DNN and CNN, in many real-world applications. However, the underlying massive amounts of computation and storage requirement greatly…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Tao Liu , Lei Jiang , Yier Jin , Gang Quan , Wujie Wen

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) inference has a clear potential for high energy efficiency as computation is triggered by events. However, the inherent sparsity of events poses challenges for conventional computing systems, driving the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Simone Manoni , Paul Scheffler , Luca Zanatta , Andrea Acquaviva , Luca Benini , Andrea Bartolini

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise significant advantages over conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for applications requiring real-time processing of temporally sparse data streams under strict power constraints -- a concept…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Brian Pachideh , Sven Nitzsche , Moritz Neher , Jann Krausse , Carmen Weigelt , Klaus Knobloch , Victor Pazmino Betancourt , Juergen Becker

Machine learning applications that are implemented with spike-based computation model, e.g., Spiking Neural Network (SNN), have a great potential to lower the energy consumption when they are executed on a neuromorphic hardware. However,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Shihao Song , Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das , Nagarajan Kandasamy , James Shackleford

Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) replace the multiply-accumulate operations of traditional neural networks by integrate-and-fire neurons, with the goal of achieving greater energy efficiency. Specialized hardware…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Myat Thu Linn Aung , Daniel Gerlinghoff , Chuping Qu , Liwei Yang , Tian Huang , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Tao Luo , Weng-Fai Wong

Compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerators for spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising solutions to enable $\mu$s-level inference latency and ultra-low energy in edge vision applications. Yet, their current lack of flexibility at both the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Nicolas Chauvaux , Adrian Kneip , Christoph Posch , Kofi Makinwa , Charlotte Frenkel

With the rising societal demand for more information-processing capacity with lower power consumption, alternative architectures inspired by the parallelism and robustness of the human brain have recently emerged as possible solutions. In…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-07-02 Emily Toomey , Ken Segall , Karl K. Berggren

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are widely deployed to solve complex pattern recognition, function approximation and image classification tasks. With the growing size and complexity of these networks, hardware implementation becomes…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-08-22 Anup Das , Yuefeng Wu , Khanh Huynh , Francesco Dell'Anna , Francky Catthoor , Siebren Schaafsma

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained attention for their energy-efficient machine learning capabilities, utilizing bio-inspired activation functions and sparse binary spike-data representations. While recent SNN algorithmic advances…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Abhiroop Bhattacharjee , Ruokai Yin , Abhishek Moitra , Priyadarshini Panda

Recently, large models, such as Vision Transformer and BERT, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their extensive computational requirements lead to considerable power and hardware resource…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Zhengke Li , Wendong Mao , Siyu Zhang , Qiwei Dong , Zhongfeng Wang

This paper introduces the first low-power hardware accelerator for Spiking Transformers, an emerging alternative to traditional artificial neural networks. By modifying the base Spikformer model to use IAND instead of residual addition, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Bo-Yu Chen , Tian-Sheuan Chang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are efficient computation models to perform spatio-temporal pattern recognition on {resource}- and {power}-constrained platforms. SNNs executed on neuromorphic hardware can further reduce energy consumption of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are developed as a promising alternative to Artificial Neural networks (ANNs) due to their more realistic brain-inspired computing models. SNNs have sparse neuron firing over time, i.e., spatio-temporal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Qinyu Chen , Chang Gao , Xinyuan Fang , Haitao Luan

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are potential competitors to artificial neural networks (ANNs) due to their high energy-efficiency on neuromorphic hardware. However, SNNs are unfolded over simulation time steps during the training process.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Hong Zhang , Yu Zhang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) communicate via discrete spikes in time rather than continuous activations. Their event-driven nature offers advantages for temporal processing and energy efficiency on resource-constrained hardware, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Karol C. Jurzec , Tomasz Szydlo , Maciej Wielgosz