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Hash-based Proof-of-Work (PoW) used in the Bitcoin Blockchain leads to high energy consumption and resource wastage. In this paper, we aim to re-purpose the energy by replacing the hash function with real-life problems having commercial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Diptendu Chatterjee , Prabal Banerjee , Subhra Mazumdar

In public distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), such as Blockchains, nodes can join and leave the network at any time. A major challenge occurs when a new node joining the network wants to retrieve the current state of the ledger. Indeed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-22 François Bonnet , Quentin Bramas , Xavier Défago

Blockchains have recently gained popularity thanks to their ability to record "digital truth". They are designed to keep persistence, security, and avoid attacks which is useful for many applications. However, they are still problematic in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-14 David Amar , Lior Zilpa

Mining blocks in a blockchain using the \textit{Proof-of-Work} consensus protocol involves significant risk, as network participants face continuous operational costs while earning infrequent capital gains upon successfully mining a block.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Pierre-Olivier Goffard , Hansjoerg Albrecher , Jean-Pierre Fouque

Existing modeling approaches for long-duration energy storage (LDES) are often based either on an oversimplified representation of power system operations or limited representation of storage technologies, e.g., evaluation of only a single…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-31 Omar J. Guerra , Sourabh Dalvi , Amogh A. Thatte , Brady Cowiestoll , Jennie Jorgenson , Bri-Mathias Hodge

In the context of blockchain systems, the importance of decentralization is undermined by the lack of a widely accepted methodology to measure it. To address this gap, we set out a systematization effort targeting the decentralization…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Christina Ovezik , Dimitris Karakostas , Mary Milad , Aggelos Kiayias , Daniel W. Woods

Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) have attracted significant attention in response to privacy regulations, driving the development of applications that prioritize user data protection. At the same time, the information and communication…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Marc Damie , Mihai Pop , Merijn Posthuma

With the development of distributed systems, the need to manage the sharing of machines among multiple simultaneous users arises. In the cloud computing context, the instantiation of virtual machines and containers by different users…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Eduardo Gomes Campos , Rafaela Sousa de Alencar Lacerda , Adnei Willian Donatti , Joberto S. B. Martins , Charles C. Miers , Tereza C. M. B. Carvalho

Blockchain technology is a breakthrough in changing the ways of business and organization operations, in which the consensus problem is challenging with practical constraints, such as computational power and consensus standard. In this…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yuqi Xie , Changbing Tang , Feilong Lin , Guanrong Chen , Zhao Zhang , Zhonglong Zheng

In blockchain systems, especially cryptographic currencies such as Bitcoin, the double-spending and Byzantine-general-like problem are solved by reaching consensus protocols among all nodes. The state-of-the-art protocols include…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Jianwen Chen , Kai Duan , Rumin Zhang , Liaoyuan Zeng , Wenyi Wang

Blockchains have sparked global interest in recent years, gaining importance as they increasingly influence technology and finance. This thesis investigates the robustness of blockchain protocols, specifically focusing on Ethereum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Ulysse Pavloff

A soft control of the network activity through varying reward in a proof-of-work (PoW) cryptocurrency is reported. Rewards are the necessity to incent the contributors activities (i.e., mining) in order to maintain the PoW network. Contrary…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-09-30 Joe Lao

Blockchain systems suffer from high storage costs as every node needs to store and maintain the entire blockchain data. After investigating Ethereum's storage, we find that the storage cost mostly comes from the index, i.e., Merkle Patricia…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Ce Zhang , Cheng Xu , Haibo Hu , Jianliang Xu

In response to the European Commission's aim of cutting carbon emissions by 2050, there is a growing need for cutting-edge solutions to promote low-carbon energy consumption in public infrastructures. This paper introduces a Proof of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Renan Lima Baima , Iván Abellán Álvarez , Ivan Pavić , Emanuela Podda

Fuelled by the success (and hype) around cryptocurrencies, distributed ledger technologies (DLT), particularly blockchains, have gained a lot of attention from a wide spectrum of audience who perceive blockchains as a key to carry out…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Anwitaman Datta

The Metaverse is rapidly evolving, bringing us closer to its imminent reality. However, the widespread adoption of this new automated technology poses significant research challenges in terms of authenticity, integrity, interoperability,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Khadija Manzoor , Umara Noor , Zahid Rashid

The perpetual growth of data stored on popular blockchains such as Ethereum leads to significant scalability challenges and substantial storage costs for operators of full nodes. Increasing costs may lead to fewer independently operated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruben Hias , Weihong Wang , Jan Vanhoof , Tom Van Cutsem

We introduce Proof-of-Steak (PoS) as a fundamental net-zero block generation technique, often accompanied by Non-Frangipane Tokens. Genesis cut is gradually heated and minted (using the appropriate sauce), enabling the miners to redirect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Jon Crowcroft , Hamed Haddadi , Arthur Gervais , Tristan Henderson

More than 1000 distributed ledger technology (DLT) systems raising $600 billion in investment in 2016 feature the unprecedented and disruptive potential of blockchain technology. A systematic and data-driven analysis, comparison and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Mark C. Ballandies , Marcus M. Dapp , Evangelos Pournaras

Blockchain technology emerged with the advent of Bitcoin and rapidly developed over the past few decades, becoming widely accepted and known by the public. However, in the past decades, the massive adoption of blockchain technology has yet…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Jia Kan