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We introduce an improved unsupervised clustering protocol specially suited for large-scale structured data. The protocol follows three steps: a dimensionality reduction of the data, a density estimation over the low dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Joan Garriga , Frederic Bartumeus

Visualization methods based on the nearest neighbor graph, such as t-SNE or UMAP, are widely used for visualizing high-dimensional data. Yet, these approaches only produce meaningful results if the nearest neighbors themselves are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak

The dimensionality reduction has been widely introduced to use the high-dimensional data for regression, classification, feature analysis, and visualization. As the one technique of dimensionality reduction, a stochastic neighbor embedding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Motoshi Abe , Junichi Miyao , Takio Kurita

Neighbor Embedding (NE) aims to preserve pairwise similarities between data items and has been shown to yield an effective principle for data visualization. However, even the best existing NE methods such as Stochastic Neighbor Embedding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Zhirong Yang , Yuwei Chen , Denis Sedov , Samuel Kaski , Jukka Corander

Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) methods $t$-SNE, UMAP are two most popular dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization. Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has showed great success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yi Zhang

Neighbour embeddings (NE) allow the representation of high dimensional datasets into lower dimensional spaces and are often used in data visualisation. In practice, accelerated approximations are employed to handle very large datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pierre Lambert , Edouard Couplet , Michel Verleysen , John Aldo Lee

A fundamental task in machine learning involves visualizing high-dimensional data sets that arise in high-impact application domains. When considering the context of large imbalanced data, this problem becomes much more challenging. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Parisa Hajibabaee , Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili

Neighbor embeddings are a family of methods for visualizing complex high-dimensional datasets using $k$NN graphs. To find the low-dimensional embedding, these algorithms combine an attractive force between neighboring pairs of points with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding and its variants are widely used dimensionality reduction techniques -- despite their popularity, no theoretical results are known. We prove that the optimal SNE embedding of well-separated clusters from high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-24 Uri Shaham , Stefan Steinerberger

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) techniques such as t-SNE and UMAP are popular for transforming complex datasets into simpler visual representations. However, while effective in uncovering general dataset patterns, these methods may introduce…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Parisa Salmanian , Angelos Chatzimparmpas , Ali Can Karaca , Rafael M. Martins

We propose a new dimensionality reduction toolkit designed to address some of the challenges faced by traditional methods like UMAP and tSNE such as loss of global structure and computational efficiency. Built on the JAX framework, DiRe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Alexander Kolpakov , Igor Rivin

Conditional t-SNE (ct-SNE) is a recent extension to t-SNE that allows removal of known cluster information from the embedding, to obtain a visualization revealing structure beyond label information. This is useful, for example, when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Edith Heiter , Bo Kang , Ruth Seurinck , Jefrey Lijffijt

Dimensionality reduction techniques are essential for visualizing and analyzing high-dimensional biological sequencing data. t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is widely used for this purpose, traditionally employing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Avais Jan , Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson

TSNE and UMAP are two of the most popular dimensionality reduction algorithms due to their speed and interpretable low-dimensional embeddings. However, while attempts have been made to improve on TSNE's computational complexity, no existing…

Low-dimensional embeddings (LDEs) of high-dimensional data are ubiquitous in science and engineering. They allow us to quickly understand the main properties of the data, identify outliers and processing errors, and inform the next steps of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jonas Fischer , Rong Ma

Progressive Visual Analytics aims at improving the interactivity in existing analytics techniques by means of visualization as well as interaction with intermediate results. One key method for data analysis is dimensionality reduction, for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-06-17 Nicola Pezzotti , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Laurens van der Maaten , Thomas Höllt , Elmar Eisemann , Anna Vilanova

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE) is a method for dimensionality reduction and visualization that has become widely popular in recent years. Efficient implementations of t-SNE are available, but they scale poorly to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 George C. Linderman , Manas Rachh , Jeremy G. Hoskins , Stefan Steinerberger , Yuval Kluger

Scientific datasets often have hierarchical structure: for example, in surveys, individual participants (samples) might be grouped at a higher level (units) such as their geographical region. In these settings, the interest is often in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Fynn Bachmann , Philipp Hennig , Dmitry Kobak

We propose a visualization technique that utilizes neural network embeddings and a generative network to reconstruct original data. This method allows for independent manipulation of individual image embeddings through its non-parametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Halid Ziya Yerebakan , Gerardo Hermosillo Valadez

High-dimensional data visualization is crucial in the big data era and these techniques such as t-SNE and UMAP have been widely used in science and engineering. Big data, however, is often distributed across multiple data centers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Dong Qiao , Xinxian Ma , Jicong Fan