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In this article, we compare in detail the linear and nonlinear approach to the Gravitational Waves Displacement and Velocity Memory (GWDM and GWVM) effects. We consider astrophysical situations that give rise to gravitational waves with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-21 Lydia Bieri , Alexander Polnarev

The Expectation--Maximization (EM) algorithm is a simple meta-algorithm that has been used for many years as a methodology for statistical inference when there are missing measurements in the observed data or when the data is composed of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-15 Hideitsu Hino , Shotaro Akaho , Noboru Murata

Memory, understood as time non-locality, is a fundamental property of any physical system, whether classical or quantum, and has important applications in a wide variety of technologies. In the context of quantum technologies, systems with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Hachisko Tapia-Maureira , Bing He , Massimiliano Di Ventra , Ariel Norambuena

Maxwell equations provide a complete description of the electromagnetic (EM) phenomena, which have been one of the key fundamental-theories of modern physics, such as electromagnetism, optics, quantum theories, etc. The vacuum permittivity…

Classical Physics · Physics 2023-12-25 Zhiwei Sun

Memory effects in the exact Kundt wave spacetimes are shown to arise in the behaviour of geodesics in such spacetimes. The types of Kundt spacetimes we consider here are direct products of the form $H^2\times M(1,1)$ and $S^2\times M(1,1)$.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-07-22 Indranil Chakraborty , Sayan Kar

New approach to the description of a gravitation using analogy between the optical and mechanical phenomenon is advanced. For this purpose in extended (1+4)-dimensional space G(1,4) the gravitational effects are considered: the speed of…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. A. Andreev , D. Yu. Tsipenyuk

We revisit gravitational wave (GW) memory as the key to measuring spacetime symmetries, extending beyond its traditional role in GW searches. In particular, we show how these symmetries may be probed via displacement and spin memory…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-17 Boris Goncharov , Laura Donnay , Jan Harms

The effect of gravity in Maxwell's equations is often treated as a medium property. The commonly used formulation is based on managing Maxwell's equations in exactly the same form as in Minkowski spacetime and expressing the effect of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-01-19 Jai-chan Hwang , Hyerim Noh

The cosmological memory effect is a permanent change in the relative separation of test particles located in a FLRW spacetime due to the passage of gravitational waves. In the case of a spatially flat FLRW spacetime filled with a perfect…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-07-20 Mohammad Ali Gorji , Taisuke Matsuda , Shinji Mukohyama

Every emission of radiation in gravity also includes a nonwavelike component that leaves a permanent change in proper distances of the spacetime it travels through. This phenomenon is known as gravitational displacement memory. Building up…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-21 Lavinia Heisenberg , Benedetta Rosatello , Guangzi Xu , Jann Zosso

Gravitational wave memory and its electromagnetic analog are shown to be straightforward consequences of the wave equation. From Maxwell's equations one can derive a wave equation for the electric field, while from the Bianchi identity one…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-22 David Garfinkle

We have previously presented a version of the Weak Equivalence Principle for a quantum particle as an exact analog of the classical case, based on the Heisenberg picture analysis of free particle motion. Here, we take that to a full…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-17 Otto C. W. Kong

We provide a uniform treatment of electromagnetic and gravitational memory effects, based on the gravito-electromagnetic formulation of GR and a generalization of the geodesic deviation equation. This allows us to find novel results: in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-06-06 Ali Seraj , Turmoli Neogi

The gravitational wave memory effect is a prediction of general relativity. The presence of memory effect in gravitational wave signals not only provides the chance to test an important aspect of general relativity, but also represents a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-02-17 Shuo Sun , Changfu Shi , Jian-dong Zhang , Jianwei Mei

The integral formulation of Maxwell's equations expressed in terms of an arbitrary observer family in a curved spacetime is developed and used to clarify the meaning of the lines of force associated with observer-dependent electric and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 D. Bini , C. Germani , R. T. Jantzen

In this paper, we study the four dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton (EMD) theories in the Newman-Penrose (NP) formalism. We adapt the equations of motion into the NP formalism, and obtain the solution space that is asymptotic to the flat…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-02 Wen-Di Tan

Gravitational wave memory is said to arise when a gravitational wave burst produces changes in a physical system that persist even after that wave has passed. This paper analyzes gravitational wave bursts in plane wave spacetimes, deriving…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-15 Abraham I. Harte , Thomas B. Mieling , Marius A. Oancea , Elisabeth Steininger

Space-time measurements, of gedanken experiments of special relativity need modification in curved spaces-times. It is found that in a space-time with metric $g$, the special relativistic factor $\gamma$, has to be replaced by…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Moninder Singh Modgil

Gravitational memory effects and the BMS freedoms exhibited at future null infinity have recently been resolved and utilized in numerical relativity simulations. With this, gravitational wave models and our understanding of the fundamental…

Gravitational memory, a residual change, arises after a finite gravitational wave pulse interacts with free masses. We calculate the memory effect in massive gravity as a function of the graviton mass $(m_g)$ and show that it is discretely…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-02-07 Ercan Kilicarslan , Bayram Tekin