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For a labeled, rooted tree with edges oriented towards the root, we consider the vertices as parking spots and the edge orientation as a one-way street. Each driver, starting with her preferred parking spot, searches for and parks in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-04-06 Westin King , Catherine H. Yan

For any integers $1\leq k\leq n$, we introduce a new family of parking functions called $k$-vacillating parking functions of length $n$. The parking rule for $k$-vacillating parking functions allows a car with preference $p$ to park in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-27 Bruce Fang , Pamela E. Harris , Brian M. Kamau , David Wang

In this paper, we complete the enumeration of the number of parking functions of length $n$ avoiding, in the sense defined by Qiu and Remmel, a permutation of length 3, answering several questions of Adeniran and Pudwell. Additionally, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Ben Adenbaum

Interval parking functions are a generalization of parking functions in which cars have an interval preference for their parking. We generalize this definition to parking functions with $n$ cars and $m\geq n$ parking spots, which we call…

We propose a characterization of $k$-Naples parking functions in terms of subsequences with the structure of a complete $k$-Naples parking function. We define complete parking preferences by requiring that for all $j=2,\dots,n$, the number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-11-08 Francesco Verciani

Interval parking functions (IPFs) are a generalization of ordinary parking functions in which each car is willing to park only in a fixed interval of spaces. Each interval parking function can be expressed as a pair $(a,b)$, where $a$ is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-30 Emma Colaric , Ryan DeMuse , Jeremy L. Martin , Mei Yin

Classical parking functions can be defined in terms of drivers with preferred parking spaces searching a linear parking lot for an open parking spot. We may consider this linear parking lot as a collection of $n$ vertices (parking spots)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-05-30 Westin King , Catherine Yan

Naples parking functions were introduced as a generalization of classical parking functions, in which cars are allowed to park backwards, by checking up to a fixed number of previous spots, before proceeding forward as usual. In this work…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-14 Luca Ferrari , Francesco Verciani

A parking function is a sequence of N nonnegative integers majorated by a permutation of the set {0, ..., N-1}. We provide a way to encode parking functions by data suggested by J.Haglund and N.Loehr. This coding is compared with another…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Yurii M. Burman

Parking functions are tuples that describe the parking of $M$ cars on a street with $M$ parking spots. In this paper, we define exact $k$-typed parking functions ($k$-TPFs) to be a variant of classical parking functions. We then establish…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Aalliyah Celestine , Jacob van der Leeuw , Lina Liu

A parking function on $[n]$ creates a permutation in $S_n$ via the order in which the $n$ cars appear in the $n$ parking spaces. Placing the uniform probability measure on the set of parking functions on $[n]$ induces a probability measure…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-19 Ross G. Pinsky

In a parking function, a car is considered lucky if it is able to park in its preferred spot. Extending work of Harris and Martinez, we enumerate outcomes of parking functions with a fixed set of lucky cars. We then consider a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Melanie Ferreri , Pamela E. Harris , Lucy Martinez , Eric Swartz

We recall that the $k$-Naples parking functions of length $n$ (a generalization of parking functions) are defined by requiring that a car which finds its preferred spot occupied must first back up a spot at a time (up to $k$ spots) before…

A parking function of length $n$ is a sequence $\pi=(\pi_1,\dots, \pi_n)$ of positive integers such that if $\lambda_1\leq\cdots\leq \lambda_n$ is the increasing rearrangement of $\pi_1,\dots,\pi_n$, then $\lambda_i\leq i$ for $1\leq i\leq…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Martin Rubey , Mei Yin

We introduce a new parking procedure called MVP parking in which $n$ cars sequentially enter a one-way street with a preferred parking spot from the $n$ parking spots on the street. If their preferred spot is empty, they park there.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Pamela E. Harris , Brian M. Kamau , J. Carlos Martínez Mori , Roger Tian

Suppose that $n$ drivers each choose a preferred parking space in a linear car park with $m$ spaces. Each driver goes to the chosen space and parks there if it is free, and otherwise takes the first available space with larger number (if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-08 Peter J. Cameron , Daniel Johannsen , Thomas Prellberg , Pascal Schweitzer

Unit-interval parking functions are subset of parking functions in which cars park at most one spot away from their preferred parking spot. In this paper, we characterize unit-interval parking functions by understanding how they decompose…

A parking function of length $n$ is prime if we obtain a parking function of length $n-1$ by deleting one 1 from it. In this note we give a new direct proof that the number of prime parking functions of length $n$ is $(n-1)^{n-1}$. This…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-09 Rui Duarte , António Guedes de Oliveira

Naples parking functions were introduced as a generalization of classical parking functions, in which cars are allowed to park backwards, by checking up to a fixed number of previous slots, before proceedings forward as usual. In our…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Luca Ferrari , Francesco Verciani

In this paper, let $\mathcal{P}_{n;\leq s;k}^l$ denote a set of $k$-flaw preference sets $(a_1,...,a_n)$ with $n$ parking spaces satisfying that $1\leq a_i\leq s$ for any $i$ and $a_1=l$ and $p_{n;\leq s;k}^l=|\mathcal{P}_{n;\leq s;k}^l|$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-06-03 Po-Yi Huang , Jun Ma , Jean Yeh