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Skilful Machine Learned weather forecasts have challenged our approach to numerical weather prediction, demonstrating competitive performance compared to traditional physics-based approaches. Data-driven systems have been trained to…

Machine learning (ML)-based weather models have recently undergone rapid improvements. These models are typically trained on gridded reanalysis data from numerical data assimilation systems. However, reanalysis data comes with limitations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Jonas Scholz , Tom R. Andersson , Anna Vaughan , James Requeima , Richard E. Turner

Long-term climate projections require running global Earth system models on timescales of hundreds of years and have relatively coarse resolution (from 40 to 160 km in the horizontal) due to their high computational costs. Unresolved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Lorenzo Pastori , Arthur Grundner , Veronika Eyring , Mierk Schwabe

Advanced machine learning models have recently achieved high predictive accuracy for weather and climate prediction. However, these complex models often lack inherent transparency and interpretability, acting as "black boxes" that impede…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-03-29 Ruyi Yang , Jingyu Hu , Zihao Li , Jianli Mu , Tingzhao Yu , Jiangjiang Xia , Xuhong Li , Aritra Dasgupta , Haoyi Xiong

To tackle the global climate challenge, it urgently needs to develop a collaborative platform for comprehensive weather forecasting on large-scale meteorological data. Despite urgency, heterogeneous meteorological sensors across countries…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Shengchao Chen , Guodong Long , Tao Shen , Jing Jiang

Global warming leads to the increase in frequency and intensity of climate extremes that cause tremendous loss of lives and property. Accurate long-range climate prediction allows more time for preparation and disaster risk management for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Ken C. L. Wong , Hongzhi Wang , Etienne E. Vos , Bianca Zadrozny , Campbell D. Watson , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

The success of deep learning techniques over the last decades has opened up a new avenue of research for weather forecasting. Here, we take the novel approach of using a neural network to predict full probability density functions at each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-05 Mariana Clare , Omar Jamil , Cyril Morcrette

Aspects of operational modeling for climate, weather, and space weather forecasts are contrasted, with a particular focus on the somewhat conflicting demands of 'operational stability' versus 'dynamic development' of the involved models.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-01 Doris Folini

Multiple studies have now demonstrated that machine learning (ML) can give improved skill for predicting or simulating fairly typical weather events, for tasks such as short-term and seasonal weather forecasting, downscaling simulations to…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-08-30 Peter AG Watson

Numerical weather prediction has long been constrained by the computational bottlenecks inherent in data assimilation and numerical modeling. While machine learning has accelerated forecasting, existing models largely serve as "emulators of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xiaoze Xu , Xiuyu Sun , Songling Zhu , Xiaohui Zhong , Yuanqing Huang , Zijian Zhu , Jun Liu , Hao Li

Cloud-related parameterizations remain a leading source of uncertainty in climate projections. Although machine learning holds promise for Earth system models (ESMs), many data-driven parameterizations lack interpretability, physical…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Arthur Grundner , Tom Beucler , Julien Savre , Axel Lauer , Manuel Schlund , Veronika Eyring

Climate models are essential for assessing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on our changing climate and the resulting increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Despite the widespread acceptance of climate models…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Vsevolod Morozov , Artem Galliamov , Aleksandr Lukashevich , Antonina Kurdukova , Yury Maximov

Traditional models of climate change use complex systems of coupled equations to simulate physical processes across the Earth system. These simulations are highly computationally expensive, limiting our predictions of climate change and…

Local climate information is crucial for impact assessment and decision-making, yet coarse global climate simulations cannot capture small-scale phenomena. Current statistical downscaling methods infer these phenomena as temporally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jonathan Schmidt , Luca Schmidt , Felix Strnad , Nicole Ludwig , Philipp Hennig

Ice storms are extreme weather events that can have devastating implications for the sustainability of natural ecosystems as well as man made infrastructure. Ice storms are caused by a complex mix of atmospheric conditions and are among the…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2018-05-15 Ranjini Swaminathan , Mohan Sridharan , Katharine Hayhoe

Weather forecasting plays a crucial role in supporting strategic decisions across various sectors, including agriculture, renewable energy production, and disaster management. However, the inherently dynamic and chaotic behavior of the…

Weather forecasting is a crucial task for meteorologic research, with direct social and economic impacts. Recently, data-driven weather forecasting models based on deep learning have shown great potential, achieving superior performance…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-08-26 Lihao Gan , Xin Man , Chenghong Zhang , Jie Shao

Accurately forecasting the weather is a key requirement for climate change mitigation. Data-driven methods offer the ability to make more accurate forecasts, but lack interpretability and can be expensive to train and deploy if models are…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2020-12-02 Dominic J. Skinner , Romit Maulik

AI-based methods have revolutionized atmospheric forecasting, with recent successes in medium-range forecasting spurring the development of climate foundation models. Accurate modeling of complex atmospheric dynamics at high spatial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Deifilia Kieckhefen , Markus Götz , Lars H. Heyen , Achim Streit , Charlotte Debus

Weather forecasts sit upstream of high-stakes decisions in domains such as grid operations, aviation, agriculture, and emergency response. Yet forecast users often face a difficult trade-off. Many decision-relevant targets are functionals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Paulius Rauba , Viktor Cikojevic , Fran Bartolic , Sam Levang , Ty Dickinson , Chase Dwelle