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We study the identification of causal effects, motivated by two improvements to identifiability which can be attained if one knows that some variables in a causal graph are functionally determined by their parents (without needing to know…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Yizuo Chen , Adnan Darwiche

Missing data are ubiquitous in empirical databases, yet statistical analyses typically require complete data matrices. Multiple imputation offers a principled solution for filling these gaps. This study evaluates the performance of several…

Computation · Statistics 2026-02-05 Enzo Porto Brasil

Under stringent model type and variable distribution assumptions, differentiable score-based causal discovery methods learn a directed acyclic graph (DAG) from observational data by evaluating candidate graphs over an average score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 An Zhang , Fangfu Liu , Wenchang Ma , Zhibo Cai , Xiang Wang , Tat-seng Chua

Confounding bias, missing data, and selection bias are three common obstacles to valid causal inference in the data sciences. Covariate adjustment is the most pervasive technique for recovering casual effects from confounding bias. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Mojdeh Saadati , Jin Tian

Standard approaches in generalizability often focus on generalizing the intent-to-treat (ITT). However, in practice, a more policy-relevant quantity is the generalized impact of an intervention across compliers. While instrumental variable…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-03 Zhongren Chen , Melody Huang

The causal dependence in data is often characterized by Directed Acyclic Graphical (DAG) models, widely used in many areas. Causal discovery aims to recover the DAG structure using observational data. This paper focuses on causal discovery…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Boxin Zhao , Weishi Wang , Dingyuan Zhu , Ziqi Liu , Dong Wang , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou , Mladen Kolar

Causal discovery from observational data is an important tool in many branches of science. Under certain assumptions it allows scientists to explain phenomena, predict, and make decisions. In the large sample limit, sound and complete…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-13 Shami Nisimov , Yaniv Gurwicz , Raanan Y. Rohekar , Gal Novik

Identifying causality behind complex systems plays a significant role in different domains, such as decision making, policy implementations, and management recommendations. However, existing causality studies on temporal event sequences…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Sujia Zhu , Yue Shen , Zihao Zhu , Wang Xia , Baofeng Chang , Ronghua Liang , Guodao Sun

In some causal inference scenarios, the treatment variable is measured inaccurately, for instance in epidemiology or econometrics. Failure to correct for the effect of this measurement error can lead to biased causal effect estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Antti Pöllänen , Pekka Marttinen

Unmeasured confounding presents a common challenge in observational studies, potentially making standard causal parameters unidentifiable without additional assumptions. Given the increasing availability of diverse data sources, exploiting…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-18 Shanshan Luo , Yechi Zhang , Wei Li

The task of inferring high-level causal variables from low-level observations, commonly referred to as causal representation learning, is fundamentally underconstrained. As such, recent works to address this problem focus on various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-26 Simon Bing , Urmi Ninad , Jonas Wahl , Jakob Runge

We consider distributions arising from a mixture of causal models, where each model is represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG). We provide a graphical representation of such mixture distributions and prove that this representation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-11 Basil Saeed , Snigdha Panigrahi , Caroline Uhler

Estimating causal effects from high-dimensional, structured exposures is a fundamental challenge in modern applications ranging from neuroscience and finance to environmental science. While the literature has addressed high-dimensional…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-29 Samhita Pal , Dhrubajyoti Ghosh

This paper deals with the problem of evaluating the causal effect using observational data in the presence of an unobserved exposure/ outcome variable, when cause-effect relationships between variables can be described as a directed acyclic…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-06-18 Manabu Kuroki , Zhihong Cai

To represent the causal relationships between variables, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is widely utilized in many areas, such as social sciences, epidemics, and genetics. Many causal structure learning approaches are developed to learn the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-14 Jianian Wang , Rui Song

Causality analysis is an important problem lying at the heart of science, and is of particular importance in data science and machine learning. An endeavor during the past 16 years viewing causality as real physical notion so as to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-26 X. San Liang

Causal evidence is needed to act and it is often enough for the evidence to point towards a direction of the effect of an action. For example, policymakers might be interested in estimating the effect of slightly increasing taxes on private…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-11 Dominik Rothenhäusler , Bin Yu

One of the main tasks of causal inference is estimating well-defined causal parameters. One of the main causal parameters is the average causal effect (ACE) - the expected value of the individual level causal effects in the target…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-17 Fernando Pires Hartwig

Instrumental variable approaches have gained popularity for estimating causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounders. However, the availability of instrumental variables in the primary dataset is often challenged due to stringent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Kang Shuai , Shanshan Luo , Wei Li , Yangbo He

Causal DAGs (also known as Bayesian networks) are a popular tool for encoding conditional dependencies between random variables. In a causal DAG, the random variables are modeled as vertices in the DAG, and it is stipulated that every…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Vidya Sagar Sharma