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Automata learning is a successful tool for many application domains such as robotics and automatic verification. Typically, automata learning techniques operate in a supervised learning setting (active or passive) where they learn a finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Simon Lutz , Daniil Kaminskyi , Florian Wittbold , Simon Dierl , Falk Howar , Barbara König , Emmanuel Müller , Daniel Neider

We prove that, paying a polynomial increase in size only, every unrestricted two-way nondeterministic finite automaton (2NFA) can be complemented by a 1-limited automaton (1-LA), a nondeterministic extension of 2NFAs still characterizing…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Bruno Guillon , Luca Prigioniero , Javad Taheri

Mixed-precision quantization improves the budget--accuracy trade-off for large language models (LLMs) by allocating more bits to sensitive modules. However, automating this allocation at LLM scale faces a unique combination of constraints:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhangyang Yao , Haiyan Zhao , Haoyu Wang , Tianbo Huang , Lihua Zhang , Xu Han

Large language models applied to vast biological datasets have the potential to transform biology by uncovering disease mechanisms and accelerating drug development. However, current models are often siloed, trained separately on…

Automata learning is a popular technique used to automatically construct an automaton model from queries. Much research went into devising ad hoc adaptations of algorithms for different types of automata. The CALF project seeks to unify…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Gerco van Heerdt , Tobias Kappé , Jurriaan Rot , Matteo Sammartino , Alexandra Silva

Due to the remarkable capabilities of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) in effectively following instructions, there has been a growing number of assistants in the community to assist humans. Recently, significant progress has been made…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Fangyuan Zhang , Tingting Liang , Zhengyuan Wu , Yuyu Yin

We revisit the membership problem for subclasses of rational relations over finite and infinite words: Given a relation R in a class C_2, does R belong to a smaller class C_1? The subclasses of rational relations that we consider are formed…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Pascal Bergsträßer , Moses Ganardi

Saturation is a fundamental game-semantic property satisfied by strategies that interpret higher-order concurrent programs. It states that the strategy must be closed under certain rearrangements of moves, and corresponds to the intuition…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Alex Dixon , Andrzej S. Murawski

A DFA separates two disjoint languages $L_1$ and $L_2$ if it accepts every word in $L_1$ and rejects every word in $L_2$. Algorithms for active learning of small separating DFAs have many applications, e.g., for learning network invariants,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jasper Laumen , Leonne Snel , Frits Vaandrager

In this work, we introduce EMMA-500, a large-scale multilingual language model continue-trained on texts across 546 languages designed for enhanced multilingual performance, focusing on improving language coverage for low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shaoxiong Ji , Zihao Li , Jaakko Paavola , Peiqin Lin , Pinzhen Chen , Dayyán O'Brien , Hengyu Luo , Hinrich Schütze , Jörg Tiedemann , Barry Haddow

In many applications one wants to identify identical subtrees of a program syntax tree. This identification should ideally be robust to alpha-renaming of the program, but no existing technique has been shown to achieve this with good…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Krzysztof Maziarz , Tom Ellis , Alan Lawrence , Andrew Fitzgibbon , Simon Peyton Jones

We consider a two-sided matching problem with a defined notion of pairwise stability. We propose a distributed blind matching algorithm (BLMA) to solve the problem. We prove the solution produced by BLMA will converge to an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Doha Hamza , Jeff S. Shamma

We introduce an algorithm for model-based hierarchical reinforcement learning to acquire self-contained transition and reward models suitable for probabilistic planning at multiple levels of abstraction. We call this framework Planning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 John Winder , Stephanie Milani , Matthew Landen , Erebus Oh , Shane Parr , Shawn Squire , Marie desJardins , Cynthia Matuszek

How to efficiently transform large language models (LLMs) into instruction followers is recently a popular research direction, while training LLM for multi-modal reasoning remains less explored. Although the recent LLaMA-Adapter…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Peng Gao , Jiaming Han , Renrui Zhang , Ziyi Lin , Shijie Geng , Aojun Zhou , Wei Zhang , Pan Lu , Conghui He , Xiangyu Yue , Hongsheng Li , Yu Qiao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as tool-augmented agents for multi-step decision making, yet training robust tool-using agents remains challenging. Existing methods still require manual intervention, depend on…

Vision-language-action (VLA) models have emerged as the next generation of models in robotics. However, despite leveraging powerful pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs), existing end-to-end VLA systems often lose key capabilities…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhongyi Zhou , Yichen Zhu , Junjie Wen , Chaomin Shen , Yi Xu

Infinite words, also known as streams, hold significant interest in computer science and mathematics, raising the natural question of how their complexity should be measured. We introduce cellular automaton reducibility as a measure of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Markel Zubia , Herman Geuvers

Jumping automata are finite automata that read their input in a non-consecutive manner, disregarding the order of the letters in the word. We introduce and study jumping automata over infinite words. Unlike the setting of finite words,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Shaull Almagor , Omer Yizhaq

The emergence of intelligence in large language models (LLMs) has inspired investigations into their integration into automata learning. This paper introduces the probabilistic Minimally Adequate Teacher (pMAT) formulation, which leverages…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Lekai Chen , Ashutosh Trivedi , Alvaro Velasquez

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications that require careful balancing of multiple, often conflicting, objectives, such as informativeness versus conciseness, or helpfulness versus creativity.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Qiang He , Setareh Maghsudi