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Small-scale farming communities are disproportionately affected by water scarcity, erratic climate patterns, and a lack of access to advanced, affordable agricultural technologies. To address these challenges, this paper presents a novel,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Kamogelo Taueatsoala , Caitlyn Daniels , Angelina J. Ramsunar , Petrus Bronkhorst , Absalom E. Ezugwu

TinyML has made deploying deep learning models on low-power edge devices feasible, creating new opportunities for real-time perception in constrained environments. However, the adaptability of such deep learning methods remains limited to…

Tiny machine learning (TinyML) is a fast-growing research area committed to democratizing deep learning for all-pervasive microcontrollers (MCUs). Challenged by the constraints on power, memory, and computation, TinyML has achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Haoyu Ren , Darko Anicic , Thomas Runkler

Edge Impulse is a cloud-based machine learning operations (MLOps) platform for developing embedded and edge ML (TinyML) systems that can be deployed to a wide range of hardware targets. Current TinyML workflows are plagued by fragmented…

Tiny machine learning (TinyML) in IoT systems exploits MCUs as edge devices for data processing. However, traditional TinyML methods can only perform inference, limited to static environments or classes. Real case scenarios usually work in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Alessandro Avi , Andrea Albanese , Davide Brunelli

Time series classification (TSC) on extreme edge devices represents a stepping stone towards intelligent sensor nodes that preserve user privacy and offer real-time predictions. Resource-constrained devices require efficient TinyML…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-24 Cristian Cioflan , Jose Fonseca , Xiaying Wang , Luca Benini

The growing number of low-power smart devices in the Internet of Things is coupled with the concept of "Edge Computing", that is moving some of the intelligence, especially machine learning, towards the edge of the network. Enabling machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Xiaying Wang , Michele Magno , Lukas Cavigelli , Luca Benini

Deep learning inference on embedded devices is a burgeoning field with myriad applications because tiny embedded devices are omnipresent. But we must overcome major challenges before we can benefit from this opportunity. Embedded processors…

Wearable devices are a fast-growing technology with impact on personal healthcare for both society and economy. Due to the widespread of sensors in pervasive and distributed networks, power consumption, processing speed, and system…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Erika Covi , Elisa Donati , Hadi Heidari , David Kappel , Xiangpeng Liang , Melika Payvand , Wei Wang

Deployment of modern TinyML tasks on small battery-constrained IoT devices requires high computational energy efficiency. Analog In-Memory Computing (IMC) using non-volatile memory (NVM) promises major efficiency improvements in deep neural…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Angelo Garofalo , Gianmarco Ottavi , Francesco Conti , Geethan Karunaratne , Irem Boybat , Luca Benini , Davide Rossi

With the surge of inexpensive computational and memory resources, neural networks (NNs) have experienced an unprecedented growth in architectural and computational complexity. Introducing NNs to resource-constrained devices enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Lennart Heim , Andreas Biri , Zhongnan Qu , Lothar Thiele

This paper presents a fully autonomous Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) Z-Score-based anomaly detection system deployed on a low-power microcontroller for real-time monitoring of appliance behavior using power side-channel data. Unlike…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Abdulrahman Albaiz , Fathi Amsaad

Contextual Artificial Intelligence (AI) based on emerging Transformer models is predicted to drive the next technology revolution in interactive wearable devices such as new-generation smart glasses. By coupling numerous sensors with small,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Severin Bochem , Victor J. B. Jung , Arpan Prasad , Francesco Conti , Luca Benini

Software engineering of network-centric Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and services, involves complex design and validation challenges. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Armin Moin , Moharram Challenger , Atta Badii , Stephan Günnemann

As Machine Learning (ML) becomes integral to Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), there is growing interest in shifting training from traditional cloud-based to on-device processing (TinyML), for example, due to privacy and latency concerns.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Alexander Gräfe , Fabian Mager , Marco Zimmerling , Sebastian Trimpe

This paper introduces an effective solution for retrofitting construction power tools with low-power IoT to enable accurate activity classification. We address the challenge of distinguishing between when a power tool is being moved and…

In recent decades, Machine Learning (ML) has become extremely important for many computing applications. The pervasiveness of ultra-low-power embedded devices such as ESP32 or ESP32 Cam with tiny Machine Learning (tinyML) applications will…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Md Ziaul Haque Zim

Earth observation (EO) missions traditionally rely on transmitting raw or minimally processed imagery from satellites to ground stations for computationally intensive analysis. This paradigm is infeasible for CubeSat systems due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Luigi Capogrosso , Michele Magno

Always-on TinyML perception tasks in IoT applications require very high energy efficiency. Analog compute-in-memory (CiM) using non-volatile memory (NVM) promises high efficiency and also provides self-contained on-chip model storage.…

This paper deploys and explores variants of TinyissimoYOLO, a highly flexible and fully quantized ultra-lightweight object detection network designed for edge systems with a power envelope of a few milliwatts. With experimental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Julian Moosmann , Hanna Mueller , Nicky Zimmerman , Georg Rutishauser , Luca Benini , Michele Magno