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The current paradigm of training deep neural networks for classification tasks includes minimizing the empirical risk that pushes the training loss value towards zero, even after the training error has been vanished. In this terminal phase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Hien Dang , Tho Tran , Tan Nguyen , Nhat Ho

The recently discovered Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon occurs pervasively in today's deep net training paradigm of driving cross-entropy (CE) loss towards zero. During NC, last-layer features collapse to their class-means, both classifiers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 X. Y. Han , Vardan Papyan , David L. Donoho

When training deep neural networks for classification tasks, an intriguing empirical phenomenon has been widely observed in the last-layer classifiers and features, where (i) the class means and the last-layer classifiers all collapse to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Jinxin Zhou , Xiao Li , Tianyu Ding , Chong You , Qing Qu , Zhihui Zhu

Modern deep neural networks for classification usually jointly learn a backbone for representation and a linear classifier to output the logit of each class. A recent study has shown a phenomenon called neural collapse that the within-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Yibo Yang , Shixiang Chen , Xiangtai Li , Liang Xie , Zhouchen Lin , Dacheng Tao

Neural collapse (NC) refers to the surprising structure of the last layer of deep neural networks in the terminal phase of gradient descent training. Recently, an increasing amount of experimental evidence has pointed to the propagation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Peter Súkeník , Marco Mondelli , Christoph Lampert

Deep neural networks (DNNs) at convergence consistently represent the training data in the last layer via a highly symmetric geometric structure referred to as neural collapse. This empirical evidence has spurred a line of theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Arthur Jacot , Peter Súkeník , Zihan Wang , Marco Mondelli

Recent years have witnessed the huge success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in various tasks of computer vision and text processing. Interestingly, these DNNs with massive number of parameters share similar structural properties on their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-26 Wanli Hong , Shuyang Ling

Neural Collapse (NC) gives a precise description of the representations of classes in the final hidden layer of classification neural networks. This description provides insights into how these networks learn features and generalize well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Liam Parker , Emre Onal , Anton Stengel , Jake Intrater

Neural Collapse is a phenomenon that helps identify sparse and low rank structures in deep classifiers. Recent work has extended the definition of neural collapse to regression problems, albeit only measuring the phenomenon at the last…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Akshay Rangamani , Altay Unal

We provide the first global optimization landscape analysis of $Neural\;Collapse$ -- an intriguing empirical phenomenon that arises in the last-layer classifiers and features of neural networks during the terminal phase of training. As…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Zhihui Zhu , Tianyu Ding , Jinxin Zhou , Xiao Li , Chong You , Jeremias Sulam , Qing Qu

Neural collapse (NC) and its multi-layer variant, deep neural collapse (DNC), describe a structured geometry that occurs in the features and weights of trained deep networks. Recent theoretical work by Sukenik et al. using a deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Connall Garrod , Jonathan P. Keating

While cross entropy (CE) is the most commonly used loss to train deep neural networks for classification tasks, many alternative losses have been developed to obtain better empirical performance. Among them, which one is the best to use is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Jinxin Zhou , Chong You , Xiao Li , Kangning Liu , Sheng Liu , Qing Qu , Zhihui Zhu

Neural Collapse is a phenomenon where the last-layer representations of a well-trained neural network converge to a highly structured geometry. In this paper, we focus on its first (and most basic) property, known as NC1: the within-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Diyuan Wu , Marco Mondelli

Neural collapse (NC) is a phenomenon that emerges at the terminal phase of the training (TPT) of deep neural networks (DNNs). The features of the data in the same class collapse to their respective sample means and the sample means exhibit…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-09 Wanli Hong , Shuyang Ling

Neural Collapse (NC) is a recently observed phenomenon in neural networks that characterises the solution space of the final classifier layer when trained until zero training loss. Specifically, NC suggests that the final classifier layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Evan Markou , Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan , Stephen Gould

Although deep neural networks achieve tremendous success on various classification tasks, the generalization ability drops sheer when training datasets exhibit long-tailed distributions. One of the reasons is that the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Xuantong Liu , Jianfeng Zhang , Tianyang Hu , He Cao , Lujia Pan , Yuan Yao

We study deep neural networks for the multi-label classification (MLab) task through the lens of neural collapse (NC). Previous works have been restricted to the multi-class classification setting and discovered a prevalent NC phenomenon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Pengyu Li , Xiao Li , Yutong Wang , Qing Qu

Deep classifier neural networks enter the terminal phase of training (TPT) when training error reaches zero and tend to exhibit intriguing Neural Collapse (NC) properties. Neural collapse essentially represents a state at which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Vignesh Kothapalli

Recently it has been observed that neural networks exhibit Neural Collapse (NC) during the final stage of training for the classification problem. We empirically show that multivariate regression, as employed in imitation learning and other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 George Andriopoulos , Zixuan Dong , Li Guo , Zifan Zhao , Keith Ross

When training overparameterized deep networks for classification tasks, it has been widely observed that the learned features exhibit a so-called "neural collapse" phenomenon. More specifically, for the output features of the penultimate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Can Yaras , Peng Wang , Zhihui Zhu , Laura Balzano , Qing Qu
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