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The loss function used to train a neural network is strongly connected to its output layer from a statistical point of view. This technical report analyzes common activation functions for a neural network output layer, like linear, sigmoid,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Fernando Berzal

Neural networks have to capture mathematical relationships in order to learn various tasks. They approximate these relations implicitly and therefore often do not generalize well. The recently proposed Neural Arithmetic Logic Unit (NALU) is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Daniel Schlör , Markus Ring , Andreas Hotho

An activation function has a significant impact on the efficiency and robustness of the neural networks. As an alternative, we evolved a cutting-edge non-monotonic activation function, Negative Stimulated Hybrid Activation Function (Nish).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Yildiray Anagun , Sahin Isik

Multiplication layers are a key component in various influential neural network modules, including self-attention and hypernetwork layers. In this paper, we investigate the approximation capabilities of deep neural networks with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Ido Ben-Shaul , Tomer Galanti , Shai Dekel

In recent years, functional neural networks have been proposed and studied in order to approximate nonlinear continuous functionals defined on $L^p([-1, 1]^s)$ for integers $s\ge1$ and $1\le p<\infty$. However, their theoretical properties…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-11 Linhao Song , Jun Fan , Di-Rong Chen , Ding-Xuan Zhou

We consider the approximation rates of shallow neural networks with respect to the variation norm. Upper bounds on these rates have been established for sigmoidal and ReLU activation functions, but it has remained an important open problem…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-10 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

We study the approximation capacity of some variation spaces corresponding to shallow ReLU$^k$ neural networks. It is shown that sufficiently smooth functions are contained in these spaces with finite variation norms. For functions with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-05 Yunfei Yang , Ding-Xuan Zhou

A wide variety of activation functions have been proposed for neural networks. The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is especially popular today. There are many practical reasons that motivate the use of the ReLU. This paper provides new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-19 Rahul Parhi , Robert D. Nowak

Understanding the learning dynamics and inductive bias of neural networks (NNs) is hindered by the opacity of the relationship between NN parameters and the function represented. We propose reparametrizing ReLU NNs as continuous piecewise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Justin Sahs , Ryan Pyle , Aneel Damaraju , Josue Ortega Caro , Onur Tavaslioglu , Andy Lu , Ankit Patel

Activation functions influence behavior and performance of DNNs. Nonlinear activation functions, like Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), Exponential Linear Units (ELU) and Scaled Exponential Linear Units (SELU), outperform the linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Semeen Rehman , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

Recently, much attention has been devoted to finding highly efficient and powerful activation functions for CNN layers. Because activation functions inject different nonlinearities between layers that affect performance, varying them is one…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Loris Nanni , Gianluca Maguolo , Sheryl Brahnam , Michelangelo Paci

In this paper, we consider the problem of output range analysis for feed-forward neural networks with ReLU activation functions. The existing approaches reduce the output range analysis problem to satisfiability and optimization solving,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Pavithra Prabhakar , Zahra Rahimi Afzal

The loss surfaces of deep neural networks have been the subject of several studies, theoretical and experimental, over the last few years. One strand of work considers the complexity, in the sense of local optima, of high dimensional random…

Neural networks can be trained to solve regression problems by using gradient-based methods to minimize the square loss. However, practitioners often prefer to reformulate regression as a classification problem, observing that training on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Lawrence Stewart , Francis Bach , Quentin Berthet , Jean-Philippe Vert

Convex functions and their gradients play a critical role in mathematical imaging, from proximal optimization to Optimal Transport. The successes of deep learning has led many to use learning-based methods, where fixed functions or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Anne Gagneux , Mathurin Massias , Emmanuel Soubies , Rémi Gribonval

This paper studies the approximation property of ReLU neural networks (NNs) to piecewise constant functions with unknown interfaces in bounded regions in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Under the assumption that the discontinuity interface $\Gamma$ may be…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-23 Zhiqiang Cai , Junpyo Choi , Min Liu

In this effort, we derive a formula for the integral representation of a shallow neural network with the ReLU activation function. We assume that the outer weighs admit a finite $L_1$-norm with respect to Lebesgue measure on the sphere. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Armenak Petrosyan , Anton Dereventsov , Clayton Webster

The performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is influenced by weight initialization, the nature of activation functions, and their architecture. There is a wide range of activation functions that are traditionally used to train a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-30 Saeid Safaei , Vahid Safaei , Solmazi Safaei , Zerotti Woods , Hamid R. Arabnia , Juan B. Gutierrez

We introduce a sampling theoretic framework for the recovery of smooth surfaces and functions living on smooth surfaces from few samples. The proposed approach can be thought of as a nonlinear generalization of union of subspace models…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-05 Qing Zou , Mathews Jacob

The choice of activation functions in deep networks has a significant effect on the training dynamics and task performance. Currently, the most successful and widely-used activation function is the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). Although…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-30 Prajit Ramachandran , Barret Zoph , Quoc V. Le