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We study approximation and statistical learning properties of deep ReLU networks under structural assumptions that mitigate the curse of dimensionality. We prove minimax-optimal uniform approximation rates for $s$-H\"older smooth functions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Thomas Nagler , Sophie Langer

Smooth activation functions are ubiquitous in modern deep learning, yet their theoretical advantages over non-smooth counterparts remain poorly understood. In this work, we study both approximation and statistical properties of neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-03 Yuhao Liu , Zilin Wang , Lei Wu , Shaobo Zhang

In this work, we propose a balanced multi-component and multi-layer neural network (MMNN) structure to accurately and efficiently approximate functions with complex features, in terms of both degrees of freedom and computational cost. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Shijun Zhang , Hongkai Zhao , Yimin Zhong , Haomin Zhou

In this paper, we consider one dimensional (shallow) ReLU neural networks in which weights are chosen randomly and only the terminal layer is trained. First, we mathematically show that for such networks L2-regularized regression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Jakob Heiss , Josef Teichmann , Hanna Wutte

We study the power of deep neural networks (DNNs) with sigmoid activation function. Recently, it was shown that DNNs approximate any $d$-dimensional, smooth function on a compact set with a rate of order $W^{-p/d}$, where $W$ is the number…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Sophie Langer

Recent seminal work at the intersection of deep neural networks practice and random matrix theory has linked the convergence speed and robustness of these networks with the combination of random weight initialization and nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Pierre H. Richemond , Yike Guo

Current deep neural networks (DNNs) can easily overfit to biased training data with corrupted labels or class imbalance. Sample re-weighting strategy is commonly used to alleviate this issue by designing a weighting function mapping from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-30 Jun Shu , Qi Xie , Lixuan Yi , Qian Zhao , Sanping Zhou , Zongben Xu , Deyu Meng

The training process of neural networks usually optimize weights and bias parameters of linear transformations, while nonlinear activation functions are pre-specified and fixed. This work develops a systematic approach to constructing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhengqi Liu , Shuhao Cao , Yuwen Li , Ludmil Zikatanov

In this paper, we have extended the well-established universal approximator theory to neural networks that use the unbounded ReLU activation function and a nonlinear softmax output layer. We have proved that a sufficiently large neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Behnam Asadi , Hui Jiang

This paper aims to understand the training solution, which is obtained by the back-propagation algorithm, of two-layer neural networks whose hidden layer is composed of the units with smooth activation functions, including the usual sigmoid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Changcun Huang

In this paper, we consider regression problems with one-hidden-layer neural networks (1NNs). We distill some properties of activation functions that lead to $\mathit{local~strong~convexity}$ in the neighborhood of the ground-truth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Kai Zhong , Zhao Song , Prateek Jain , Peter L. Bartlett , Inderjit S. Dhillon

Recent findings suggest that consecutive layers of neural networks with the ReLU activation function \emph{fold} the input space during the learning process. While many works hint at this phenomenon, an approach to quantify the folding was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Michal Lewandowski , Bernhard Heinzl , Raphael Pisoni , Bernhard A. Moser

We study neural networks with trainable low-degree rational activation functions and show that they are more expressive and parameter-efficient than modern piecewise-linear and smooth activations such as ELU, LeakyReLU, LogSigmoid, PReLU,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maosen Tang , Alex Townsend

Modern neural networks have been successful in many regression-based tasks such as face recognition, facial landmark detection, and image generation. In this work, we investigate an intuitive but understudied characteristic of modern neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Runze Liu , Chau-Wai Wong , Huaiyu Dai

Classical results in neural network approximation theory show how arbitrary continuous functions can be approximated by networks with a single hidden layer, under mild assumptions on the activation function. However, the classical theory…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-06 Tyler Lekang , Andrew Lamperski

The scope of research in the domain of activation functions remains limited and centered around improving the ease of optimization or generalization quality of neural networks (NNs). However, to develop a deeper understanding of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Mohit Goyal , Rajan Goyal , Brejesh Lall

This paper investigates the ability of finite samples to identify two-layer irreducible shallow networks with various nonlinear activation functions, including rectified linear units (ReLU) and analytic functions such as the logistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yu Xia , Zhiqiang Xu

Whereas recovery of the manifold from data is a well-studied topic, approximation rates for functions defined on manifolds are less known. In this work, we study a regression problem with inputs on a $d^*$-dimensional manifold that is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-05 Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

We contribute to a better understanding of the class of functions that can be represented by a neural network with ReLU activations and a given architecture. Using techniques from mixed-integer optimization, polyhedral theory, and tropical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Christoph Hertrich , Amitabh Basu , Marco Di Summa , Martin Skutella

Activation functions are crucial in deep learning models since they introduce non-linearity into the networks, allowing them to learn from errors and make adjustments, which is essential for learning complex patterns. The essential purpose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Koushik Biswas , Meghana Karri , Ulaş Bağcı