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This study evaluates the performance of ChatGPT variants, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, both with and without prompt engineering, against solely student work and a mixed category containing both student and GPT-4 contributions in university-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Will Yeadon , Alex Peach , Craig P. Testrow

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to both research and daily operations, rigorous evaluation is crucial. This assessment is important not only for individual tasks but also for understanding their societal impact and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Zeeshan Rasheed , Muhammad Waseem , Kari Systä , Pekka Abrahamsson

This paper examines the comparative effectiveness of a specialized compiled language model and a general-purpose model like OpenAI's GPT-3.5 in detecting SDGs within text data. It presents a critical review of Large Language Models (LLMs),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Arash Hajikhani , Carolyn Cole

This research introduces LegalScore, a specialized index for assessing how generative artificial intelligence models perform in a selected range of career exams that require a legal background in Brazil. The index evaluates fourteen…

Bayesian adaptive clinical trials offer a flexible and efficient alternative to traditional fixed-design trials, but their implementation is often hindered by the complexity of Bayesian computations and the need for advanced statistical…

Applications · Statistics 2025-07-04 Krishna Padmanabhan , Danny Baker

This paper does not present a novel method. Instead, it delves into an essential, yet must-know baseline in light of the latest advancements in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI): the utilization of GPT-4 for visual understanding.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Wenhao Wu , Huanjin Yao , Mengxi Zhang , Yuxin Song , Wanli Ouyang , Jingdong Wang

Previous research has reported that large language models (LLMs) demonstrate poor performance on the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) exams. However, recent reasoning models have achieved strong results on graduate-level academic and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Jaisal Patel , Yunzhe Chen , Kaiwen He , Keyi Wang , David Li , Kairong Xiao , Xiao-Yang Liu

Text simplification seeks to improve readability while retaining the original content and meaning. Our study investigates whether pre-trained classifiers also maintain such coherence by comparing their predictions on both original and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Miriam Anschütz , Edoardo Mosca , Georg Groh

Large language models (LLM) such as OpenAI's ChatGPT and GPT-3 offer unique testbeds for exploring the translation challenges of turning literacy into numeracy. Previous publicly-available transformer models from eighteen months prior and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 David Noever , Forrest McKee

Currently, there is a trend for the wider public to rely on LLMs for financial or legal consultation, medical and mental support (Chatterji et al., 2025), often accepting the advice provided without necessarily seeking logical verification…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Johan F. Hoorn , Ella-Jenna Oosterglorenwoud

Safety alignment in large language models relies on behavioral training that can be overridden when sufficiently strong in-context patterns compete with learned refusal behaviors. We introduce Involuntary In-Context Learning (IICL), an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Alex Polyakov , Daniel Kuznetsov

Context: The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has sparked significant interest in leveraging their capabilities for automating code review processes. Prior studies often focus on developing LLMs for code review automation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Chanathip Pornprasit , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn

Commercial large language models (LLMs), like OpenAI's GPT-4 powering ChatGPT and Anthropic's Claude 3 Opus, have dominated natural language processing (NLP) benchmarks across different domains. New competing Open-Source alternatives like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Samy Ateia , Udo Kruschwitz

Legal intake, the process of finding out if an applicant is eligible for help from a free legal aid program, takes significant time and resources. In part this is because eligibility criteria are nuanced, open-textured, and require frequent…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Quinten Steenhuis , Hannes Westermann

Reproducibility and reliability remain pressing challenges for generative AI systems whose behavior can drift with each model update or prompt revision. We introduce GPR-bench, a lightweight, extensible benchmark that operationalizes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Masumi Morishige , Ryo Koshihara

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized zero-shot task performance, mitigating the need for task-specific annotations while enhancing task generalizability. Despite its advancements, current methods using trigger phrases such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Saurabh Srivastava , Chengyue Huang , Weiguo Fan , Ziyu Yao

Thematic analysis and other variants of inductive coding are widely used qualitative analytic methods within empirical legal studies (ELS). We propose a novel framework facilitating effective collaboration of a legal expert with a large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jakub Drápal , Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasingly integrated into high-stakes decision-making, yet little is known about their susceptibility to social influence. We conducted three preregistered conformity experiments with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Clarissa Sabrina Arlinghaus , Tristan Kenneweg , Barbara Hammer , Günter W. Maier

Radiology, radiation oncology, and medical physics require decision-making that integrates medical images, textual reports, and quantitative data under high-stakes conditions. With the introduction of GPT-5, it is critical to assess whether…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-20 Mingzhe Hu , Zach Eidex , Shansong Wang , Mojtaba Safari , Qiang Li , Xiaofeng Yang

Patient recruitment is challenging for clinical trials. We introduce TrialGPT, an end-to-end framework for zero-shot patient-to-trial matching with large language models. TrialGPT comprises three modules: it first performs large-scale…