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This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to successfully complete a semester-long undergraduate control systems course. Through evaluation of 115 course deliverables, we assess…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Gokul Puthumanaillam , Timothy Bretl , Melkior Ornik

An auditor instructs an AI assistant: "open each file individually using the Read tool -- no scripts, no agents." The AI replies "Yes" -- then issues a single batched call summarizing all fifty files at once. We call this the Compliance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Kwan Soo Shin

Specialized clinical AI assistants are rapidly entering medical practice, often framed as safer or more reliable than general-purpose large language models (LLMs). Yet, unlike frontier models, these clinical tools are rarely subjected to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Krithik Vishwanath , Mrigayu Ghosh , Anton Alyakin , Daniel Alexander Alber , Yindalon Aphinyanaphongs , Eric Karl Oermann

The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) technology into education necessitates precise measurement of GenAI literacy to ensure that learners and educators possess the skills to engage with and critically evaluate…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Yueqiao Jin , Roberto Martinez-Maldonado , Dragan Gašević , Lixiang Yan

Timely formative feedback is considered as one of the most important drivers for effective learning. Delivering timely and individualized feedback is particularly challenging in large classes in higher education. Recently Large Language…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Imen Azaiz , Oliver Deckarm , Sven Strickroth

Large language models (LLMs) and multi-agent orchestration are touted as the next leap in machine translation (MT), but their benefits relative to conventional neural MT (NMT) remain unclear. This paper offers an empirical reality check. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Vicent Briva Iglesias , Gokhan Dogru

Many promising-looking ideas in AI research fail to deliver, but their validation takes substantial human labor and compute. Predicting an idea's chance of success is thus crucial for accelerating empirical AI research, a skill that even…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiaxin Wen , Chenglei Si , Yueh-han Chen , He He , Shi Feng

The use of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare is gaining popularity, but their practicality and safety in clinical settings have not been thoroughly assessed. In high-stakes environments like medical settings, trust and safety are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Salmonn Talebi , Elizabeth Tong , Mohammad R. K. Mofrad

Large language models (LLMs) have excelled in various NLP tasks, including machine translation (MT), yet most studies focus on sentence-level translation. This work investigates the inherent capability of instruction-tuned LLMs for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yirong Sun , Dawei Zhu , Yanjun Chen , Erjia Xiao , Xinghao Chen , Xiaoyu Shen

Hacking poses a significant threat to cybersecurity, inflicting billions of dollars in damages annually. To mitigate these risks, ethical hacking, or penetration testing, is employed to identify vulnerabilities in systems and networks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Isamu Isozaki , Manil Shrestha , Rick Console , Edward Kim

We introduce DafnyBench, the largest benchmark of its kind for training and evaluating machine learning systems for formal software verification. We test the ability of LLMs such as GPT-4 and Claude 3 to auto-generate enough hints for the…

Large Language Models (LLMs) could be a useful tool for lawyers. However, empirical research on their effectiveness in conducting legal tasks is scant. We study securities cases involving cryptocurrencies as one of numerous contexts where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Arianna Trozze , Toby Davies , Bennett Kleinberg

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in AI-driven educational instruction and assessment, particularly within mathematics education. The capability of LLMs to generate accurate answers and detailed solutions for math…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Liang Zhang , Edith Aurora Graf

In recent years, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the development of large language models like GPT-4, demonstrating potential applications in various fields, including education. This study investigates the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Vinay Pursnani , Yusuf Sermet , Ibrahim Demir

Dataset license compliance is a critical yet complex aspect of developing commercial AI products, particularly with the increasing use of publicly available datasets. Ambiguities in dataset licenses pose significant legal risks, making it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jingwen Tan , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Zi Li , Xiangfu Song , Jianshan Lin , Dan Li , Zibin Zheng , Ahmed E. Hassan

Accessing legal help in Bangladesh is hard. People face high fees, complex legal language, a shortage of lawyers, and millions of unresolved court cases. Generative AI models like OpenAI GPT-4.1 Mini, Gemini 2.0 Flash, Meta Llama 3 70B, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sabik Aftahee , A. F. M. Farhad , Arpita Mallik , Ratnajit Dhar , Jawadul Karim , Nahiyan Bin Noor , Ishmam Ahmed Solaiman

Addressing the challenge of generating personalized feedback for programming assignments is demanding due to several factors, like the complexity of code syntax or different ways to correctly solve a task. In this experimental study, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Maciej Pankiewicz , Ryan S. Baker

This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , Alexi Christakis , Alistair Gillespie , Allison Tam , Ally Bennett , Alvin Wan , Alyssa Huang , Amy McDonald Sandjideh , Amy Yang , Ananya Kumar , Andre Saraiva , Andrea Vallone , Andrei Gheorghe , Andres Garcia Garcia , Andrew Braunstein , Andrew Liu , Andrew Schmidt , Andrey Mereskin , Andrey Mishchenko , Andy Applebaum , Andy Rogerson , Ann Rajan , Annie Wei , Anoop Kotha , Anubha Srivastava , Anushree Agrawal , Arun Vijayvergiya , Ashley Tyra , Ashvin Nair , Avi Nayak , Ben Eggers , Bessie Ji , Beth Hoover , Bill Chen , Blair Chen , Boaz Barak , Borys Minaiev , Botao Hao , Bowen Baker , Brad Lightcap , Brandon McKinzie , Brandon Wang , Brendan Quinn , Brian Fioca , Brian Hsu , Brian Yang , Brian Yu , Brian Zhang , Brittany Brenner , Callie Riggins Zetino , Cameron Raymond , Camillo Lugaresi , Carolina Paz , Cary Hudson , Cedric Whitney , Chak Li , Charles Chen , Charlotte Cole , Chelsea Voss , Chen Ding , Chen Shen , Chengdu Huang , Chris Colby , Chris Hallacy , Chris Koch , Chris Lu , Christina Kaplan , Christina Kim , CJ Minott-Henriques , Cliff Frey , Cody Yu , Coley Czarnecki , Colin Reid , Colin Wei , Cory Decareaux , Cristina Scheau , Cyril Zhang , Cyrus Forbes , Da Tang , Dakota Goldberg , Dan Roberts , Dana Palmie , Daniel Kappler , Daniel Levine , Daniel Wright , Dave Leo , David Lin , David Robinson , Declan Grabb , Derek Chen , Derek Lim , Derek Salama , Dibya Bhattacharjee , Dimitris Tsipras , Dinghua Li , Dingli Yu , DJ Strouse , Drew Williams , Dylan Hunn , Ed Bayes , Edwin Arbus , Ekin Akyurek , Elaine Ya Le , Elana Widmann , Eli Yani , Elizabeth Proehl , Enis Sert , Enoch Cheung , Eri Schwartz , Eric Han , Eric Jiang , Eric Mitchell , Eric Sigler , Eric Wallace , Erik Ritter , Erin Kavanaugh , Evan Mays , Evgenii Nikishin , Fangyuan Li , Felipe Petroski Such , Filipe de Avila Belbute Peres , Filippo Raso , Florent Bekerman , Foivos Tsimpourlas , Fotis Chantzis , Francis Song , Francis Zhang , Gaby Raila , Garrett McGrath , Gary Briggs , Gary Yang , Giambattista Parascandolo , Gildas Chabot , Grace Kim , Grace Zhao , Gregory Valiant , Guillaume Leclerc , Hadi Salman , Hanson Wang , Hao Sheng , Haoming Jiang , Haoyu Wang , Haozhun Jin , Harshit Sikchi , Heather Schmidt , Henry Aspegren , Honglin Chen , Huida Qiu , Hunter Lightman , Ian Covert , Ian Kivlichan , Ian Silber , Ian Sohl , Ibrahim Hammoud , Ignasi Clavera , Ikai Lan , Ilge Akkaya , Ilya Kostrikov , Irina Kofman , Isak Etinger , Ishaan Singal , Jackie Hehir , Jacob Huh , Jacqueline Pan , Jake Wilczynski , Jakub Pachocki , James Lee , James Quinn , Jamie Kiros , Janvi Kalra , Jasmyn Samaroo , Jason Wang , Jason Wolfe , Jay Chen , Jay Wang , Jean Harb , Jeffrey Han , Jeffrey Wang , Jennifer Zhao , Jeremy Chen , Jerene Yang , Jerry Tworek , Jesse Chand , Jessica Landon , Jessica Liang , Ji Lin , Jiancheng Liu , Jianfeng Wang , Jie Tang , Jihan Yin , Joanne Jang , Joel Morris , Joey Flynn , Johannes Ferstad , Johannes Heidecke , John Fishbein , John Hallman , Jonah Grant , Jonathan Chien , Jonathan Gordon , Jongsoo Park , Jordan Liss , Jos Kraaijeveld , Joseph Guay , Joseph Mo , Josh Lawson , Josh McGrath , Joshua Vendrow , Joy Jiao , Julian Lee , Julie Steele , Julie Wang , Junhua Mao , Kai Chen , Kai Hayashi , Kai Xiao , Kamyar Salahi , Kan Wu , Karan Sekhri , Karan Sharma , Karan Singhal , Karen Li , Kenny Nguyen , Keren Gu-Lemberg , Kevin King , Kevin Liu , Kevin Stone , Kevin Yu , Kristen Ying , Kristian Georgiev , Kristie Lim , Kushal Tirumala , Kyle Miller , Lama Ahmad , Larry Lv , Laura Clare , Laurance Fauconnet , Lauren Itow , Lauren Yang , Laurentia Romaniuk , Leah Anise , Lee Byron , Leher Pathak , Leon Maksin , Leyan Lo , Leyton Ho , Li Jing , Liang Wu , Liang Xiong , Lien Mamitsuka , Lin Yang , Lindsay McCallum , Lindsey Held , Liz Bourgeois , Logan Engstrom , Lorenz Kuhn , Louis Feuvrier , Lu Zhang , Lucas Switzer , Lukas Kondraciuk , Lukasz Kaiser , Manas Joglekar , Mandeep Singh , Mandip Shah , Manuka Stratta , Marcus Williams , Mark Chen , Mark Sun , Marselus Cayton , Martin Li , Marvin Zhang , Marwan Aljubeh , Matt Nichols , Matthew Haines , Max Schwarzer , Mayank Gupta , Meghan Shah , Melody Y. Guan , Melody Huang , Meng Dong , Mengqing Wang , Mia Glaese , Micah Carroll , Michael Lampe , Michael Malek , Michael Sharman , Michael Zhang , Michele Wang , Michelle Pokrass , Mihai Florian , Mikhail Pavlov , Miles Wang , Ming Chen , Mingxuan Wang , Minnia Feng , Mo Bavarian , Molly Lin , Moose Abdool , Mostafa Rohaninejad , Nacho Soto , Natalie Staudacher , Natan LaFontaine , Nathan Marwell , Nelson Liu , Nick Preston , Nick Turley , Nicklas Ansman , Nicole Blades , Nikil Pancha , Nikita Mikhaylin , Niko Felix , Nikunj Handa , Nishant Rai , Nitish Keskar , Noam Brown , Ofir Nachum , Oleg Boiko , Oleg Murk , Olivia Watkins , Oona Gleeson , Pamela Mishkin , Patryk Lesiewicz , Paul Baltescu , Pavel Belov , Peter Zhokhov , Philip Pronin , Phillip Guo , Phoebe Thacker , Qi Liu , Qiming Yuan , Qinghua Liu , Rachel Dias , Rachel Puckett , Rahul Arora , Ravi Teja Mullapudi , Raz Gaon , Reah Miyara , Rennie Song , Rishabh Aggarwal , RJ Marsan , Robel Yemiru , Robert Xiong , Rohan Kshirsagar , Rohan Nuttall , Roman Tsiupa , Ronen Eldan , Rose Wang , Roshan James , Roy Ziv , Rui Shu , Ruslan Nigmatullin , Saachi Jain , Saam Talaie , Sam Altman , Sam Arnesen , Sam Toizer , Sam Toyer , Samuel Miserendino , Sandhini Agarwal , Sarah Yoo , Savannah Heon , Scott Ethersmith , Sean Grove , Sean Taylor , Sebastien Bubeck , Sever Banesiu , Shaokyi Amdo , Shengjia Zhao , Sherwin Wu , Shibani Santurkar , Shiyu Zhao , Shraman Ray Chaudhuri , Shreyas Krishnaswamy , Shuaiqi , Xia , Shuyang Cheng , Shyamal Anadkat , Simón Posada Fishman , Simon Tobin , Siyuan Fu , Somay Jain , Song Mei , Sonya Egoian , Spencer Kim , Spug Golden , SQ Mah , Steph Lin , Stephen Imm , Steve Sharpe , Steve Yadlowsky , Sulman Choudhry , Sungwon Eum , Suvansh Sanjeev , Tabarak Khan , Tal Stramer , Tao Wang , Tao Xin , Tarun Gogineni , Taya Christianson , Ted Sanders , Tejal Patwardhan , Thomas Degry , Thomas Shadwell , Tianfu Fu , Tianshi Gao , Timur Garipov , Tina Sriskandarajah , Toki Sherbakov , Tomek Korbak , Tomer Kaftan , Tomo Hiratsuka , Tongzhou Wang , Tony Song , Tony Zhao , Troy Peterson , Val Kharitonov , Victoria Chernova , Vineet Kosaraju , Vishal Kuo , Vitchyr Pong , Vivek Verma , Vlad Petrov , Wanning Jiang , Weixing Zhang , Wenda Zhou , Wenlei Xie , Wenting Zhan , Wes McCabe , Will DePue , Will Ellsworth , Wulfie Bain , Wyatt Thompson , Xiangning Chen , Xiangyu Qi , Xin Xiang , Xinwei Shi , Yann Dubois , Yaodong Yu , Yara Khakbaz , Yifan Wu , Yilei Qian , Yin Tat Lee , Yinbo Chen , Yizhen Zhang , Yizhong Xiong , Yonglong Tian , Young Cha , Yu Bai , Yu Yang , Yuan Yuan , Yuanzhi Li , Yufeng Zhang , Yuguang Yang , Yujia Jin , Yun Jiang , Yunyun Wang , Yushi Wang , Yutian Liu , Zach Stubenvoll , Zehao Dou , Zheng Wu , Zhigang Wang

This study evaluates the performance of general-purpose AI, like ChatGPT, in legal question-answering tasks, highlighting significant risks to legal professionals and clients. It suggests leveraging foundational models enhanced by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Rohan Bhambhoria , Samuel Dahan , Jonathan Li , Xiaodan Zhu

Open-weight general-purpose AI (GPAI) models offer significant benefits but also introduce substantial cybersecurity risks, as demonstrated by the offensive capabilities of models like DeepSeek-R1 in evaluations such as MITRE's OCCULT.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Alfonso de Gregorio