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Conditional independence of treatment assignment from potential outcomes is a commonly used but nonrefutable assumption. We derive identified sets for various treatment effect parameters under nonparametric deviations from this conditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-25 Matthew A. Masten , Alexandre Poirier

In cohort studies, non-random medication use can pose barriers to estimation of the natural history trend in a mean biomarker value (namely, the association between a predictor of interest and a biomarker outcome that would be observed in…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-25 Andrew J. Spieker , Joseph A. C. Delaney , Robyn L. McClelland

An essential goal of program evaluation and scientific research is the investigation of causal mechanisms. Over the past several decades, causal mediation analysis has been used in medical and social sciences to decompose the treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-01-15 K. C. G. Chan , K. Imai , S. C. P. Yam , Z. Zhang

Estimating treatment effects conditional on observed covariates can improve the ability to tailor treatments to particular individuals. Doing so effectively requires dealing with potential confounding, and also enough data to adequately…

One core assumption typically adopted for valid causal inference is that of no interference between experimental units, i.e., the outcome of an experimental unit is unaffected by the treatments assigned to other experimental units. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-25 Yuki Ohnishi , Bikram Karmakar , Arman Sabbaghi

Path-specific effects are a broad class of mediated effects from an exposure to an outcome via one or more causal pathways with respect to some subset of intermediate variables. The majority of the literature concerning estimation of…

Hill's specificity criterion has been highly influential in biomedical and epidemiological research. However, it remains controversial and its application often relies on subjective and qualitative analysis without a comprehensive and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-24 Wang Miao

Instrumental variable (IV) methods are widely used to infer treatment effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. In this paper, we study nonparametric inference with an IV under a separable binary treatment choice model, which…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Chan Park , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

This paper studies identification and estimation of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) in difference-in-difference (DID) designs when the variable that classifies individuals into treatment and control groups (treatment…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-08-05 Akanksha Negi , Digvijay Singh Negi

This article proposes doubly robust estimators for the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) in difference-in-differences (DID) research designs. In contrast to alternative DID estimators, the proposed estimators are consistent if…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-05-07 Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Jun B. Zhao

The presence of unobserved confounders is one of the main challenges in identifying treatment effects. In this paper, we propose a new approach to causal inference using panel data with large large $N$ and $T$. Our approach imputes the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-03-28 Ben Deaner , Chen-Wei Hsiang , Andrei Zeleneev

Interval-censoring frequently occurs in studies of chronic diseases where disease status is inferred from intermittently collected biomarkers. Although many methods have been developed to analyze such data, they typically assume perfect…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-26 Yuhao Deng , Donglin Zeng , Yuanjia Wang

Instrumental variable methods are fundamental to causal inference when treatment assignment is confounded by unobserved variables. In this article, we develop a general nonparametric causal framework for identification and learning with…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-10 Shuyuan Chen , Peng Zhang , Yifan Cui

Inferring unbiased treatment effects has received widespread attention in the machine learning community. In recent years, our community has proposed numerous solutions in standard settings, high-dimensional treatment settings, and even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Krzysztof Kacprzyk , Samuel Holt , Jeroen Berrevoets , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

This paper presents a general difference-in-differences framework for identifying path-dependent treatment effects when treatment histories are partially observed. We introduce a novel robust estimator that adjusts for missing histories…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-18 Akanksha Negi , Didier Nibbering

We propose a general Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) approach to causal inference in the point treatment setting. The joint distribution of the observed data (outcome, treatment, and confounders) is modeled using an enriched Dirichlet process.…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-01 Jason Roy , Kirsten J Lum , Michael J. Daniels , Bret Zeldow , Jordan Dworkin , Vincent Lo Re

The causal dose response curve is commonly selected as the statistical parameter of interest in studies where the goal is to understand the effect of a continuous exposure on an outcome.Most of the available methodology for statistical…

Skepticism about the assumption of no unmeasured confounding, also known as exchangeability, is often warranted in making causal inferences from observational data; because exchangeability hinges on an investigator's ability to accurately…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-22 Yifan Cui , Hongming Pu , Xu Shi , Wang Miao , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

This paper proposes a statistical inference method for assessing treatment effects with dyadic data. Under the assumption that the treatments follow an exchangeable distribution, our approach allows for the presence of any unobserved…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-05-28 Tadao Hoshino , Takahide Yanagi

We extend Fisher's randomization test (FRT) to test conditional independence between observed outcomes and treatments given covariates in both randomized experiments and observational studies, with no restriction on the variable type of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-12 Zhen Zhong