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In General Relativity, the issue of defining the gravitational energy contained in a given spatial region is still unresolved, except for particular cases of localized objects where the asymptotic flatness holds for a given spacetime. In…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-06-06 Salvatore Capozziello , Maurizio Capriolo , Gaetano Lambiase

Tensor-scalar theories of gravitation are commonly employed as extensions of General Relativity that allow to describe a much wider phenomenology. They are also naturally generated as low energy limit of higher-dimensional or unified…

General Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 F. Minotti , G. Modanese

The question of the existence of gravitational stress-energy in general relativity has exercised investigators in the field since the inception of the theory. Folklore has it that no adequate definition of a localized gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-17 Erik Curiel

We analytically and numerically investigated the internal optical forces exerted by an electromagnetic wave inside an amorphous metamaterial medium. We derived, by using the principle of virtual work, the Helmholtz stress tensor, which…

Optics · Physics 2018-03-28 Neng Wang , Shubo Wang , Jack Ng

Semiclassical Gravity replaces the energy momentum tensor $T_{\mu \nu}$ with its expectation value $\langle T_{\mu \nu}\rangle$ in Einstein equations, this making the Einstein tensor $G_{\mu \nu}$ a classical variable thus avoiding the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-28 Sergio De Filippo

A formulation of linearized gravity in flat background, based on the Fierz tensor as a counterpart of the electromagnetic field strength, is discussed in detail and used to study fundamental properties of the linearized gravitational field.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-03-30 Gabor Zsolt Toth

General relativity can be presented in terms of other geometries besides Riemannian. In particular, teleparallel geometry (i.e., curvature vanishes) has some advantages, especially concerning energy-momentum localization and its…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 J. M. Nester , H-J Yo

We study the dynamical description of gravity, the appropriate definition of the scalar field energy-momentum tensor, and the interrelation between them in scalar-tensor theories of gravity. We show that the quantity which one would naively…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 David I. Santiago , Alexander S. Silbergleit

The M$\o$ller tetrad gravitational energy-momentum expression was recently evaluated for a small vacuum region using orthonormal frames adapted to Riemann normal coordinates. However the result was not proportional to the Bel-Robinson…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-09-24 Lau Loi So

In this paper we show how relativistic tensor dynamics and relativistic electrodynamics can be formulated in a biquaternion tensor language. The treatment is restricted to mathematical physics, known facts as the Lorentz Force Law and the…

General Physics · Physics 2014-01-21 E. P. J. de Haas

This note provides an explicit proof of the equivalence of the Belinfante's energy-momentum tensor and the metric energy-momentum tensor for general mixed tensor-spinor fields.

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2014-11-18 Hongbao Zhang

It is dealt with the question, under which circumstances the canonical Noether stress-energy tensor is equivalent to the gravitational (Hilbert) tensor for general matter fields under the influence of gravity. In the framework of general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 M. Leclerc

The various methods to derive Einstein conservation laws and the relevant definitions of energy-momentum tensor density for gravitational fields are studied in greater detail. It is shown that these methods are all equivalent. The study on…

General Physics · Physics 2008-05-22 Chen Fang-Pei

In this paper, we studied the full Einstein-Hilbert actions with respect to non-symmetric metrics and the corresponding torsion. The first concrete result in this paper are the general formulae for pressure and density with respect to the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2019-06-14 Nenad O. Vesić , Dragoljub D Dimitrijević

We attempt to generalize the familiar covariantly conserved Bel-Robinson tensor B_{mnab} ~ R R of GR and its recent topologically massive third derivative order counterpart B ~ RDR, to quadratic curvature actions. Two very different models…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-11-22 S. Deser , J. Franklin

The question of the existence of gravitational stress-energy in general relativity has exercised investigators in the field since the inception of the theory. Folklore has it that no adequate definition of a localized gravitational…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-11-26 Erik Curiel

In a Lorentzian spacetime there exists a smooth regular line element field $(\bm{X},-\bm{X}) $ and a unit vector $ \bm{u} $ collinear with one of the pair of vectors in the line element field. An orthogonal decomposition of symmetric…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-12 Gary Nash

It is shown how the different irreducibility classes of the energy-momentum tensor allow for a Lagrangian formulation of the gravity-matter system using a selfdual 2-form as a basic variable. It is pointed out what kind of difficulties…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 Mathias Pillin

We review the energy concept in the case of a continuum or a system of fields. First, we analyze the emergence of a true local conservation equation for the energy of a continuous medium, taking the example of an isentropic continuum in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-09-13 Mayeul Arminjon

We study the pseudo-local gravitoelectromagnetic stress-energy tensor for an arbitrary gravitational field within the framework of general relativity. It is shown that there exists a current of gravitational energy around a rotating mass.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 B. Mashhoon , J. C. McClune , H. Quevedo