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Stepped-wedge cluster randomised trials (SW-CRTs) increasingly evaluate complex interventions, yet methodological guidance for analysing composite endpoints using generalized pairwise comparisons (GPC)remains limited. This work investigates…

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes together with belief propagation (BP) decoding yield exceptional error correction capabilities in the large block length regime. Yet, there remains a gap between BP decoding and maximum likelihood…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Jonathan Mandelbaum , Holger Jäkel , Laurent Schmalen

We investigate a family of fault-tolerant quantum error correction schemes based on the concatenation of small error detection or error correction codes with the three-dimensional cluster state. We propose fault-tolerant state preparation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Zhaoyi Li , Isaac Kim , Patrick Hayden

A successive cancellation list (SCL) decoder with limited list size for polar codes can not be analyzed as a successive cancellation (SC) decoder, nor as a maximum likelihood (ML) decoder, due to the complicated decoding errors caused by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Tao Wang , Daiming Qu , Tao Jiang

This paper investigates quantum error correction schemes for fully-correlated noise channels on an $n$-qubit system, where error operators take the form $W^{\otimes n}$, with $W$ being an arbitrary $2\times 2$ unitary operator. In previous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-30 Chi-Kwong Li , Yuqiao Li , Diane Christine Pelejo , Sage Stanish

This work considers the design of short non-binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over finite fields of order m, for channels with phase noise. In particular, m-ary differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) modulated code symbols are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-09 Tudor Ninacs , Balázs Matuz , Gianluigi Liva , Giulio Colavolpe

Powerful Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes are used in optical communications to achieve bit-error rates below $10^{-15}$. These FECs follow one of two approaches: concatenation of simpler hard-decision codes or usage of inherently…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-09-01 Carlo Condo , Pascal Giard , François Leduc-Primeau , Gabi Sarkis , Warren J. Gross

Because of their capacity-approaching performance, graph-based codes have a wide range of applications, including communications and storage. In these codes, unequal error protection (UEP) can offer performance gains with limited rate loss.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Beyza Dabak , Ahmed Hareedy , Alexei Ashikhmin , Robert Calderbank

This paper applies error-exponent and dispersion-style analyses to derive finite-blocklength achievability bounds for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the point-to-point channel (PPC) and multiple access channel (MAC). The…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Yuxin Liu , Michelle Effros

We propose a novel soft-aided iterative decoding algorithm for product codes (PCs). The proposed algorithm, named iterative bounded distance decoding with combined reliability (iBDD-CR), enhances the conventional iterative bounded distance…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Alireza Sheikh , Alexandre Graell i Amat , Gianluigi Liva , Alex Alvarado

In the short block length regime, ensemble decoding schemes with their inherently parallel structure can improve error correction performance and reduce latency compared to stand-alone suboptimal decoders such as belief propagation (BP). In…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Jonathan Mandelbaum , Paul Bezner , Holger Jäkel , Stephan ten Brink , Laurent Schmalen

Inspired by Knill's scheme for message passing error detection, here we develop a scheme for message passing error correction for the nine-qubit Bacon-Shor code. We show that for two levels of concatenated error correction, where classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Z. W. E. Evans , A. M. Stephens

This paper proposes new accurate approximations for average error probability (AEP) of a communication system employing either $M$-phase-shift keying (PSK) or differential quaternary PSK with Gray coding (GC-DQPSK) modulation schemes over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Yassine Mouchtak , Faissal El Bouanani

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are more prone to be affected by transient faults in presence of radiation and other environmental hazards compared to Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). Hence, error mitigation and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2015-09-24 Swagata Mandal , Rourab Paul , Suman Sau , Amlan Chakrabarti , Subhasis Chattopadhyay

Quantum error correction requires the detection of errors by reliable measurements of suitable multi-qubit correlation operators. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a fault-tolerant weight-4 parity check measurement scheme. An additional…

We consider the problem of optimally decoding a quantum error correction code -- that is to find the optimal recovery procedure given the outcomes of partial "check" measurements on the system. In general, this problem is NP-hard. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 David Poulin

Quantum error correction (QEC) is often implemented on hardware that experiences biased noise, where dephasing errors occur more frequently than other errors. This has motivated many recent efforts to develop bias-tailored QEC codes, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Arianna Meinking , Julie Campos , Kenneth R. Brown

We analyze the trade-off between the undetected error probability (i.e., the probability that the channel decoder outputs an erroneous message without detecting the error) and the total error probability in the short blocklength regime. We…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Alexander Sauter , A. Oguz Kislal , Giuseppe Durisi , Gianluigi Liva , Balazs Matuz , Erik G. Ström

We introduce successive cancellation (SC) decoding of product codes (PCs) with single parity-check (SPC) component codes. Recursive formulas are derived, which resemble the SC decoding algorithm of polar codes. We analyze the error…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Mustafa Cemil Coşkun , Gianluigi Liva , Alexandre Graell i Amat , Michael Lentmaier

Channel coding is vital for reliable sixth-generation (6G) data transmission, employing diverse error correction codes for various application scenarios. Traditional decoders require dedicated hardware for each code, leading to high…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yongli Yan , Jieao Zhu , Tianyue Zheng , Zhuo Xu , Chao Jiang , Linglong Dai