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Crowdsourcing platforms use various truth discovery algorithms to aggregate annotations from multiple labelers. In an online setting, however, the main challenge is to decide whether to ask for more annotations for each item to efficiently…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Reshef Meir , Viet-An Nguyen , Xu Chen , Jagdish Ramakrishnan , Udi Weinsberg

Data annotation is an essential component of the machine learning pipeline; it is also a costly and time-consuming process. With the introduction of transformer-based models, annotation at the document level is increasingly popular;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Owen Cook , Jake Vasilakes , Ian Roberts , Xingyi Song

The paper investigates the feasibility of confidence estimation for neural machine translation models operating at the high end of the performance spectrum. As a side product of the data annotation process necessary for building such models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Ciprian Chelba , Junpei Zhou , Yuezhang , Li , Hideto Kazawa , Jeff Klingner , Mengmeng Niu

Interference alignment(IA) is mostly achieved by coding interference over multiple dimensions. Intuitively, the more interfering signals that need to be aligned, the larger the number of dimensions needed to align them. This dimensionality…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-01-19 Zainalabedin Samadi , Vahid Tabatabavakili , Farzan Haddadi

The labels used to train machine learning (ML) models are of paramount importance. Typically for ML classification tasks, datasets contain hard labels, yet learning using soft labels has been shown to yield benefits for model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Katherine M. Collins , Umang Bhatt , Adrian Weller

Detectors trained with massive labeled data often exhibit dramatic performance degradation in some particular scenarios with data distribution gap. To alleviate this problem of domain shift, conventional wisdom typically concentrates solely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Liang Zhao , Limin Wang

High-quality and consistent annotations are fundamental to the successful development of robust machine learning models. Traditional data annotation methods are resource-intensive and inefficient, often leading to a reliance on third-party…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Amir Ziai , Aneesh Vartakavi

When annotators disagree, predicting the labels given by individual annotators can capture nuances overlooked by traditional label aggregation. We introduce three approaches to predicting individual annotator ratings on the toxicity of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Harbani Jaggi , Kashyap Murali , Eve Fleisig , Erdem Bıyık

Annotating data is a time-consuming and costly task, but it is inherently required for supervised machine learning. Active Learning (AL) is an established method that minimizes human labeling effort by iteratively selecting the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Julius Gonsior , Tim Rieß , Anja Reusch , Claudio Hartmann , Maik Thiele , Wolfgang Lehner

Word embeddings represent words as multidimensional real vectors, facilitating data analysis and processing, but are often challenging to interpret. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) creates clearer semantic axes by identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Rongzhi Li , Takeru Matsuda , Hitomi Yanaka

Benchmarks are the primary tool for assessing progress in artificial intelligence (AI), yet current practice evaluates models on isolated test suites and provides little guidance for reasoning about generality or autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Przemyslaw Chojecki

Interference alignment (IA) is a revolutionary wireless transmission strategy that reduces the impact of interference. The idea of interference alignment is to coordinate multiple transmitters so that their mutual interference aligns at the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-15 Omar El Ayach , Steven W. Peters , Robert W. Heath

We assessed several agreement coefficients applied in 2x2 contingency tables, which are commonly applied in research due to dicotomization by the conditions of the subjects (e.g., male or female) or by conveniency of the classification…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-14 Paulo Sergio Panse Silveira , Jose Oliveira Siqueira

Obtaining annotations for complex computer vision tasks such as object detection is an expensive and time-intense endeavor involving a large number of human workers or expert opinions. Reducing the amount of annotations required while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Marius Schubert , Tobias Riedlinger , Karsten Kahl , Matthias Rottmann

This study introduces a laboratory experiment designed to assess the influence of annotation strategies, levels of imbalanced data, and prior experience, on the performance of human annotators. The experiment focuses on labeling aerial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Roni Blushtein-Livnon , Tal Svoray , Michael Dorman

Modern AI benchmarks operate at a complexity that outpaces traditional verification methods. Tasks authored by domain experts often contain implicit assumptions, incomplete environment specifications, and brittle evaluation logic that human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Junlin Wang , Federico Bianchi , Shang Zhu , Fan Nie , Yongchan Kwon , Bhuwan Dhingra , James Zou

Crowdsourced annotations of data play a substantial role in the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is broadly recognised that annotations of text data can contain annotator bias, where systematic disagreement in annotations can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Terne Sasha Thorn Jakobsen , Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen , Robert Böhm

Interference alignment (IA) is a promising technique to efficiently mitigate interference and to enhance the capacity of a wireless communication network. This paper proposes a grouping-based interference alignment (GIA) with optimized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-11-20 Pan Cao , Alessio Zappone , Eduard A. Jorswieck

While many active learning papers assume that the learner can simply ask for a label and receive it, real annotation often presents a mismatch between the form of a label (say, one among many classes), and the form of an annotation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Peiyun Hu , Zachary C. Lipton , Anima Anandkumar , Deva Ramanan

High-quality data is crucial for the success of machine learning, but labeling large datasets is often a time-consuming and costly process. While semi-supervised learning can help mitigate the need for labeled data, label quality remains an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Lars Schmarje , Vasco Grossmann , Tim Michels , Jakob Nazarenus , Monty Santarossa , Claudius Zelenka , Reinhard Koch