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Most machine learning and data analytics applications, including performance engineering in software systems, require a large number of annotations and labelled data, which might not be available in advance. Acquiring annotations often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Peter Samoaa , Linus Aronsson , Antonio Longa , Philipp Leitner , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes integral to economy and society, communication gaps between developers, users, and stakeholders hinder trust and informed decision-making. High-level AI labels, inspired by frameworks like EU energy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Raphael Fischer , Magdalena Wischnewski , Alexander van der Staay , Katharina Poitz , Christian Janiesch , Thomas Liebig

Density of mitotic figures in histologic sections is a prognostically relevant characteristic for many tumours. Due to high inter-pathologist variability, deep learning-based algorithms are a promising solution to improve tumour…

Given that AI systems are set to play a pivotal role in future decision-making processes, their trustworthiness and reliability are of critical concern. Due to their scale and complexity, modern AI systems resist direct interpretation, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Binxia Xu , Antonis Bikakis , Daniel Onah , Andreas Vlachidis , Luke Dickens

Safety policies define what constitutes safe and unsafe AI outputs, guiding data annotation and model development. However, annotation disagreement is pervasive and can stem from multiple sources such as operational failures (annotators…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Alex Oesterling , Donghao Ren , Yannick Assogba , Dominik Moritz , Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Leon Gatys , Fred Hohman

Machine learning models excel with abundant annotated data, but annotation is often costly and time-intensive. Active learning (AL) aims to improve the performance-to-annotation ratio by using query methods (QMs) to iteratively select the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Hannes Kath , Thiago S. Gouvêa , Daniel Sonntag

Measurement of the interrater agreement (IRA) is critical in various disciplines. To correct for potential confounding chance agreement in IRA, Cohen's kappa and many other methods have been proposed. However, owing to the varied strategies…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-14 Zizhong Tian , Vernon M. Chinchilli , Chan Shen , Shouhao Zhou

The objective of most users for consulting any information database, information warehouse or the internet is to resolve one problem or the other. Available online or offline annotation tools were not conceived with the objective of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Charles A. Robert , David Amos

Data annotation plays a crucial role in ensuring your named entity recognition (NER) projects are trained with the right information to learn from. Producing the most accurate labels is a challenge due to the complexity involved with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Qingkai Zeng , Mengxia Yu , Wenhao Yu , Tianwen Jiang , Meng Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse domains, but developing high-performing models for specialized applications often requires substantial human annotation -- a process that is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Abhinav Arabelly , Jagrut Nemade , Robert D Nowak , Jifan Zhang

This study centers on overcoming the challenge of selecting the best annotators for each query in Active Learning (AL), with the objective of minimizing misclassifications. AL recognizes the challenges related to cost and time when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-02 Diana Mortagua

Active learning (AL), which iteratively queries the most informative examples from a large pool of unlabeled candidates for model training, faces significant challenges in the presence of open-set classes. Existing methods either prioritize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Chen-Chen Zong , Sheng-Jun Huang

Perceptual optimization is primarily driven by the fidelity objective, which enforces both semantic consistency and overall visual realism, while the adversarial objective provides complementary refinement by enhancing perceptual sharpness…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jiabei Zhang , Qi Wang , Siyu Wu , Du Chen , Tianhe Wu

Change-impact analysis (CIA) is the task of determining the set of program elements impacted by a program change. Precise CIA has great potential to avoid expensive testing and code reviews for (parts of) changes that are refactorings…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-09-29 Alex Gyori , Shuvendu K. Lahiri , Nimrod Partush

As a means of human-based computation, crowdsourcing has been widely used to annotate large-scale unlabeled datasets. One of the obvious challenges is how to aggregate these possibly noisy labels provided by a set of heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Xuan Wei , Daniel Dajun Zeng , Junming Yin

Medical images annotation is most of the time a repetitive hard task. Collecting old similar annotations and assigning them to new medical images may not only enhance the annotation process, but also reduce ambiguity caused by repetitive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Riadh Bouslimi , Jalel Akaichi

The effectiveness of automatic evaluation of generative models is typically measured by comparing the labels generated via automation with labels by humans using correlation metrics. However, metrics like Krippendorff's $\alpha$ and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Aparna Elangovan , Lei Xu , Jongwoo Ko , Mahsa Elyasi , Ling Liu , Sravan Bodapati , Dan Roth

Automatic evaluation metrics are central to the development of machine translation systems, yet their robustness under domain shift remains unclear. Most metrics are developed on the Workshop on Machine Translation (WMT) benchmarks, raising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Finn Schmidt , Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

Collaboration literacy requires adapting to the evolving demands of group work within complex discussions, making it difficult to develop and assess. Traditional analytics metrics capture behavioral signals while missing the semantic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Dawei Xie , Khalil Anderson , Tochukwu Eze , Chenghong Lin , Bookyung Shin , Marcelo Worsley

Stance detection is nearly always formulated as classifying text into Favor, Against, or Neutral. This convention was inherited from debate analysis and has been applied without modification to social media since SemEval-2016. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Bowen Zhang