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Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with auxiliary tokens has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing model performance. In this work, we introduce a lightweight method termed latent tokens; these are dummy tokens that may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuchang Sun , Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Despite the extensive success of pretrained language models as encoders for building NLP systems, they haven't seen prominence as decoders for sequence generation tasks. We explore the question of whether these models can be adapted to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Nishant Subramani , Nivedita Suresh

Pre-trained Transformers are challenging human performances in many NLP tasks. The massive datasets used for pre-training seem to be the key to their success on existing tasks. In this paper, we explore how a range of pre-trained Natural…

Pre-trained language models learn informative word representations on a large-scale text corpus through self-supervised learning, which has achieved promising performance in fields of natural language processing (NLP) after fine-tuning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jian Yang , Xinyu Hu , Gang Xiao , Yulong Shen

Representation Engineering (RepE) is a novel paradigm for controlling the behavior of LLMs. Unlike traditional approaches that modify inputs or fine-tune the model, RepE directly manipulates the model's internal representations. As a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Jan Wehner , Sahar Abdelnabi , Daniel Tan , David Krueger , Mario Fritz

Pretrained language models have achieved state-of-the-art performance when adapted to a downstream NLP task. However, theoretical analysis of these models is scarce and challenging since the pretraining and downstream tasks can be very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Colin Wei , Sang Michael Xie , Tengyu Ma

To decipher the algorithm underlying the human brain's language representation, previous work probed brain responses to language input with pre-trained artificial neural network (ANN) models fine-tuned on NLU tasks. However, full…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Jingyuan Sun , Marie-Francine Moens

Recent works attribute the capability of in-context learning (ICL) in large pre-trained language models to implicitly simulating and fine-tuning an internal model (e.g., linear or 2-layer MLP) during inference. However, such constructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Abhishek Panigrahi , Sadhika Malladi , Mengzhou Xia , Sanjeev Arora

The current standard approach for fine-tuning transformer-based language models includes a fixed number of training epochs and a linear learning rate schedule. In order to obtain a near-optimal model for the given downstream task, a search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Felix Stollenwerk

We introduce a large language model (LLM) capable of processing speech inputs and show that tuning it further with reinforcement learning on human preference (RLHF) enables it to adapt better to disordered speech than traditional…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Chirag Nagpal , Subhashini Venugopalan , Jimmy Tobin , Marilyn Ladewig , Katherine Heller , Katrin Tomanek

Fine-tuning large pre-trained language models on various downstream tasks with whole parameters is prohibitively expensive. Hence, Parameter-efficient fine-tuning has attracted attention that only optimizes a few task-specific parameters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Zhen-Ru Zhang , Chuanqi Tan , Haiyang Xu , Chengyu Wang , Jun Huang , Songfang Huang

Pretraining on large, semantically rich datasets is key for developing language models. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that even synthetic data, generated procedurally through simple semantic-free algorithms, can yield some of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zachary Shinnick , Liangze Jiang , Hemanth Saratchandran , Anton van den Hengel , Damien Teney

Pre-training a large transformer model on a massive amount of unlabeled data and fine-tuning it on labeled datasets for diverse downstream tasks has proven to be a successful strategy, for a variety of vision and natural language processing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Seanie Lee , Minki Kang , Juho Lee , Sung Ju Hwang , Kenji Kawaguchi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to hallucinate, whereby they generate plausible but inaccurate text. This phenomenon poses significant risks in critical applications, such as medicine or law, necessitating robust hallucination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Benedict Aaron Tjandra , Muhammed Razzak , Jannik Kossen , Kunal Handa , Yarin Gal

Recently, leveraging pre-trained Transformer based language models in down stream, task specific models has advanced state of the art results in natural language understanding tasks. However, only a little research has explored the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Daniel Grießhaber , Johannes Maucher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) is now a common approach for text classification in a wide range of applications. When labeled documents are scarce, active learning helps save annotation efforts but requires retraining of massive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Artem Vysogorets , Achintya Gopal

We analyze the operation of transformer language adapters, which are small modules trained on top of a frozen language model to adapt its predictions to new target languages. We show that adapted predictions mostly evolve in the source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Jesujoba O. Alabi , Marius Mosbach , Matan Eyal , Dietrich Klakow , Mor Geva

Releasing open-source large language models (LLMs) presents a dual-use risk since bad actors can easily fine-tune these models for harmful purposes. Even without the open release of weights, weight stealing and fine-tuning APIs make closed…

Through exploiting a high level of parallelism enabled by graphics processing units, transformer architectures have enabled tremendous strides forward in the field of natural language processing. In a traditional masked language model,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Muhammed Shahir Abdurrahman , Hashem Elezabi , Bruce Changlong Xu

Pre-trained large-scale language models have increasingly demonstrated high accuracy on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the limited weight storage and computational speed on hardware platforms have impeded the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Bingbing Li , Zhenglun Kong , Tianyun Zhang , Ji Li , Zhengang Li , Hang Liu , Caiwen Ding