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The non-separability between the spatial and polarisation Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) of complex vector light fields has drawn significant attention in recent time. Key to this are its remarkable similarities with quantum entanglement, with…

We propose an experimental scheme for sorting vector vortex beams using a system of three optical cavities. The method targets the separation of the four vector vortex modes of a given order m by exploiting their symmetry properties with…

Increasing the complexity of a light field through the advanced manipulation of its degrees of freedom (DoF) provides new opportunities for fundamental studies and technologies. Correlating polarization with the light's spatial or spectral…

Optics · Physics 2026-03-12 Lea Kopf , Rafael Barros , Robert Fickler

Thus, the results of our studies lie in developing and implementing the basic principles of digital sorting the Laguerre-Gauss modes by radial numbers both for a non-degenerate and a degenerate state of a vortex beam subject to…

Optics · Physics 2019-12-10 A. Volyar , M. Bretsko , Ya. Akimova , Yu. Egorov

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial degree of freedom of light has been widely explored in many applications, including telecommunications, quantum information and light-based micro-manipulation. The ability to separate and…

Complex vector light modes, classically-entangled in their spatial and polarisation degrees of freedom (DoF), havebecome ubiquitous in a vast diversity of research fields. Crucially, while polarisation is limited to a bi-dimensionalspace,…

The multiplexing and de-multiplexing of orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams are critical issues in optical communication. Optical diffractive neural networks have been introduced to perform classification, generation, multiplexing and…

Optics · Physics 2022-07-20 Jiaqi Zhang , Zhiyuan Ye , Jianhua Yin , Liying Lang , Shuming Jiao

In recent time there has been an increasing amount of interest in developing novel techniques for the generation of complex vector light beams. Amongst these, digital holography stands out as one of the most flexible and versatile with…

The strong coupling between the spatial and polarisation degrees of freedom (DoF) in vector modes enables a diverse array of exotic, inhomogeneous polarisation distributions through a non-separable superposition, which are conventionally…

Complex vector light modes with a spatial variant polarization distribution have become topical of late, enabling the development of novel applications in numerous research fields. Key to this is the remarkable similarities they hold with…

Optics · Physics 2022-02-02 Xiaobo Hu , Carmelo Rosales Guzman

Mode sorter is the crucial component of the communication systems based on orbital angular momentum (OAM). However, schemes proposed so far can only effectively sort integer OAM (IOAM) modes. Here, we demonstrate the effective sorting of…

Optics · Physics 2024-04-22 Zhengyang Mao , Haigang Liu , Xianfeng Chen

The Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes constitute a complete basis set for representing the transverse structure of a {paraxial} photon field in free space. Earlier workers have shown how to construct a device for sorting a photon according to…

Complex vector light modes, characterized by a non-uniform transverse polarization distribution, have pervaded a wide range of research fields. In this study, we propose a novel approach that enables the simultaneous generation of multiple…

Optics · Physics 2023-11-29 Bo-Zhao , Jia-Yuan Wu , Xiang-Yu Yu , Xiao-Bo Hu , Carmelo Rosales-Guzmán

Mode-sorting is a procedure that decomposes a light field into a basis of transverse modes, directing each mode into a separate spatial location, allowing the constituent mode intensities to be measured simultaneously. We demonstrate a…

Spatial mode (de)multiplexing of orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams is a promising solution to address future bandwidth issues, but the rapidly increasing divergence with the mode order severely limits the practically addressable number…

Optics · Physics 2021-10-19 Zhensong Wan , Yijie Shen , Zhaoyang Wang , Zijian Shi , Qiang Liu , Xing Fu

Complex vector modes have become topical of late due to their fascinating properties and the many applications they have found across a broad variety of research fields. Even though such modes can be generated in a wide variety of ways,…

Optics · Physics 2021-05-26 Xiao-Bo Hu , Si-Yuan Ma , Carmelo Rosales-Guzmán

Sorting spatial optical modes is a key challenge that underpins many applications from super-resolved imaging to high-dimensional quantum key distribution. However, to date implementations of optical mode sorters only operate on specific…

Optics · Physics 2020-07-01 Hugo Defienne , Daniele Faccio

The transverse structure of light is recognized as a resource that can be used to encode information onto photons and has been shown to be useful to enhance communication capacity as well as resolve point sources in superresolution imaging.…

Spatial mode sorting has come to prominence as an optical processing modality capable of saturating fundamental limits to numerous sensing tasks including wavefront sensing, coronagraphy, and superresolution imaging. But despite their…

Optics · Physics 2025-10-28 Jacob Trzaska , Amit Ashok

The conjugation of multiple spatial light modulators (SLMs) enables the construction of optical diffractive neural networks (DNNs). To accelerate training, which is limited by the low refresh rate of SLMs, spatial multiplexing of the input…

Optics · Physics 2026-05-20 Guillaume Noetinger , Tim Tuuva , Romain Fleury
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