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Semantic Retrieval (SR) has become an indispensable part of the FAQ system in the task-oriented question-answering (QA) dialogue scenario. The demands for a cross-lingual smart-customer-service system for an e-commerce platform or some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mieradilijiang Maimaiti , Yuanhang Zheng , Ji Zhang , Yue Zhang , Wenpei Luo , Kaiyu Huang

Code-switching (CS) automatic speech recognition (ASR) faces challenges due to the language confusion resulting from accents, auditory similarity, and seamless language switches. Adaptation on the pre-trained multi-lingual model has shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jiahui Zhao , Hao Shi , Chenrui Cui , Tianrui Wang , Hexin Liu , Zhaoheng Ni , Lingxuan Ye , Longbiao Wang

In this paper, we particularly work on the code-switched text, one of the most common occurrences in the bilingual communities across the world. Due to the discrepancies in the extraction of code-switched text from an Automated Speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Ahan M. R. , Shreyas Sunil Kulkarni

Automatic dubbing, which generates a corresponding version of the input speech in another language, could be widely utilized in many real-world scenarios such as video and game localization. In addition to synthesizing the translated…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Jingbei Li , Sipan Li , Ping Chen , Luwen Zhang , Yi Meng , Zhiyong Wu , Helen Meng , Qiao Tian , Yuping Wang , Yuxuan Wang

Language Identification (LID) is a core task in multilingual NLP, yet current systems often overfit to clean, monolingual data. This work introduces DIVERS-BENCH, a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art LID models across diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jessica Ojo , Zina Kamel , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

Code-switching (CS) is a widespread phenomenon among bilingual and multilingual societies. The lack of CS resources hinders the performance of many NLP tasks. In this work, we explore the potential use of bilingual word embeddings for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Injy Hamed , Moritz Zhu , Mohamed Elmahdy , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Modeling voices for multiple speakers and multiple languages in one text-to-speech system has been a challenge for a long time. This paper presents an extension on Tacotron2 to achieve bilingual multispeaker speech synthesis when there are…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-22 Zexin Cai , Yaogen Yang , Ming Li

Multilingual transformer language models have recently attracted much attention from researchers and are used in cross-lingual transfer learning for many NLP tasks such as text classification and named entity recognition. However, similar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Sudhanshu Ranjan , Dheeraj Mekala , Jingbo Shang

Code-switching (CS) poses a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its comprehensibility remains underexplored in LLMs. We introduce CS-Sum, to evaluate the comprehensibility of CS by the LLMs through CS dialogue to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Sathya Krishnan Suresh , Tanmay Surana , Lim Zhi Hao , Eng Siong Chng

Accurate alignment between languages is fundamental for improving cross-lingual pre-trained language models (XLMs). Motivated by the natural phenomenon of code-switching (CS) in multilingual speakers, CS has been used as an effective data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Chenxi Whitehouse , Fenia Christopoulou , Ignacio Iacobacci

Meanings of words change over time and across domains. Detecting the semantic changes of words is an important task for various NLP applications that must make time-sensitive predictions. We consider the problem of predicting whether a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Taichi Aida , Danushka Bollegala

We use an extract from an interview concerning gravitational wave physics to show that the meaning of hesitancies within speech are different when spoken and when read from the corresponding transcript. When used in speech, hesitancies can…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-09-06 Harry Collins , Willow Leonard-Clarke , Hannah O'Mahoney

Research on multilingual speech emotion recognition faces the problem that most available speech corpora differ from each other in important ways, such as annotation methods or interaction scenarios. These inconsistencies complicate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Michael Neumann , Ngoc Thang Vu

In multilingual societies like the Indian subcontinent, use of code-switched languages is much popular and convenient for the users. In this paper, we study offense and abuse detection in the code-switched pair of Hindi and English (i.e.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Raghav Kapoor , Yaman Kumar , Kshitij Rajput , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Roger Zimmermann

Leveraging user-provided translation to constrain NMT has practical significance. Existing methods can be classified into two main categories, namely the use of placeholder tags for lexicon words and the use of hard constraints during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Kai Song , Yue Zhang , Heng Yu , Weihua Luo , Kun Wang , Min Zhang

Code-switching (CS) is still a critical challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP), due to the limited availability of large-scale, diverse CS datasets for robust training and evaluation. Despite recent advances, the capabilities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Maite Heredia , Gorka Labaka , Jeremy Barnes , Aitor Soroa

Large Language Models (LLMs) have impressive multilingual capabilities, but they suffer from unexpected code-switching, also known as language mixing, which involves switching to unexpected languages in the model response. This problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Boyi Deng , Yu Wan , Baosong Yang , Fei Huang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng

Modeling code-switched speech is an important problem in automatic speech recognition (ASR). Labeled code-switched data are rare, so monolingual data are often used to model code-switched speech. These monolingual data may be more closely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Andrew Slottje , Shannon Wotherspoon , William Hartmann , Matthew Snover , Owen Kimball

Language change is a cultural evolutionary process in which variants of linguistic variables change in frequency through processes analogous to mutation, selection and genetic drift. In this work, we apply a recently-introduced method to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Juan Guerrero Montero , Andres Karjus , Kenny Smith , Richard A. Blythe

Texts written in different languages reflect different culturally-dependent beliefs of their writers. Thus, we expect multilingual LMs (MLMs), that are jointly trained on a concatenation of text in multiple languages, to encode different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Rochelle Choenni , Anne Lauscher , Ekaterina Shutova