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With generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), continuing to make inroads in healthcare, it is critical to supplement traditional automated evaluations with human evaluations. Understanding and…

Human evaluation is increasingly critical for assessing large language models, capturing linguistic nuances, and reflecting user preferences more accurately than traditional automated metrics. However, the resource-intensive nature of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

By harnessing pre-trained language models, summarization models had rapid progress recently. However, the models are mainly assessed by automatic evaluation metrics such as ROUGE. Although ROUGE is known for having a positive correlation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Wonjin Yoon , Yoon Sun Yeo , Minbyul Jeong , Bong-Jun Yi , Jaewoo Kang

Customized medical prompts enable Large Language Models (LLM) to effectively address medical dialogue summarization. The process of medical reporting is often time-consuming for healthcare professionals. Implementing medical dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Daphne van Zandvoort , Laura Wiersema , Tom Huibers , Sandra van Dulmen , Sjaak Brinkkemper

As language models become more powerful, training and evaluation are increasingly bottlenecked by the data and metrics used for a particular task. For example, summarization models are often trained to predict human reference summaries and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Nisan Stiennon , Long Ouyang , Jeff Wu , Daniel M. Ziegler , Ryan Lowe , Chelsea Voss , Alec Radford , Dario Amodei , Paul Christiano

Human evaluation for summarization tasks is reliable but brings in issues of reproducibility and high costs. Automatic metrics are cheap and reproducible but sometimes poorly correlated with human judgment. In this work, we propose flexible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Shiyue Zhang , Mohit Bansal

Code summarization facilitates program comprehension and software maintenance by converting code snippets into natural-language descriptions. Over the years, numerous methods have been developed for this task, but a key challenge remains:…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Yang Wu , Yao Wan , Zhaoyang Chu , Wenting Zhao , Ye Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Xuanhua Shi , Philip S. Yu

Recent work has shown the promise of learning with human feedback paradigms to produce human-determined high-quality text. Existing works use human feedback to train large language models (LLMs) in general domain abstractive summarization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Zonghai Yao , Benjamin J Schloss , Sai P. Selvaraj

Traditional evaluation metrics like BLEU and ROUGE fall short when capturing the nuanced qualities of generated text, particularly when there is no single ground truth. In this paper, we explore the potential of Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Manav Chaudhary , Harshit Gupta , Savita Bhat , Vasudeva Varma

Summarizing texts is not a straightforward task. Before even considering text summarization, one should determine what kind of summary is expected. How much should the information be compressed? Is it relevant to reformulate or should the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Paul Tardy , David Janiszek , Yannick Estève , Vincent Nguyen

When developing new large language models (LLMs), a key step is evaluating their final performance, often by computing the win-rate against a reference model based on external feedback. Human feedback is the gold standard, particularly for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Zhaoyi Zhou , Yuda Song , Andrea Zanette

In Machine Translation (MT) evaluation, metric performance is assessed based on agreement with human judgments. In recent years, automatic metrics have demonstrated increasingly high levels of agreement with humans. To gain a clearer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Lorenzo Proietti , Stefano Perrella , Roberto Navigli

Automatic evaluation metrics are crucial for advancing sign language translation (SLT). Current SLT evaluation metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are only text-based, and it remains unclear to what extent text-based metrics can reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shakib Yazdani , Yasser Hamidullah , Cristina España-Bonet , Eleftherios Avramidis , Josef van Genabith

There are not enough established benchmarks for the task fo speech summarization. Creating new benchmarks demands human annotation, as LLMs could embed systemic errors and bias into datasets. We test ten annotation workflows varying input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Kaavya Chaparala , Thomas Thebaud , Jesús Villalba López , Laureano Moro-Velazquez , Peter Viechnicki , Najim Dehak

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit powerful summarization abilities. However, their capabilities on conversational summarization remains under explored. In this work we evaluate LLMs (approx. 10 billion parameters) on conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Saurav Sahay , Sangeeta Manepalli , Lama Nachman

Several code summarization techniques have been proposed in the literature to automatically document a code snippet or a function. Ideally, software developers should be involved in assessing the quality of the generated summaries. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Antonio Mastropaolo , Matteo Ciniselli , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

State-of-the-art summarization systems are trained and evaluated on massive datasets scraped from the web. Despite their prevalence, we know very little about the underlying characteristics (data noise, summarization complexity, etc.) of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Priyam Tejaswin , Dhruv Naik , Pengfei Liu

Collecting human judgements is currently the most reliable evaluation method for natural language generation systems. Automatic metrics have reported flaws when applied to measure quality aspects of generated text and have been shown to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Thórhildur Thorleiksdóttir , Cedric Renggli , Nora Hollenstein , Ce Zhang

The ability to rigorously estimate the failure rates of large language models (LLMs) is a prerequisite for their safe deployment. Currently, however, practitioners often face a tradeoff between expensive human gold standards and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Minghe Shen , Ananth Balashankar , Adam Fisch , David Madras , Miguel Rodrigues

As Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities advance, the demand for high-quality annotation of exponentially increasing text corpora has outpaced human capacity, leading to the widespread adoption of LLMs in automatic evaluation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jiayu Wang , Junyoung Lee