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The secure transfer of information is critical for the ever-increasing demands of the digital world. Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is a technology that can potentially provide information-theoretic security to…

The combination of quantum secret sharing (QSS) and continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has demonstrated clear advantages and has undergone significant development in recent years. However, research on the practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Fangli Yang , Liang Chang , Minghua Pan

There is a big gap between theory and practice in quantum key distribution (QKD) because real devices do not satisfy the assumptions required by the security proofs. Here, we close this gap by introducing a simple and practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-31 Álvaro Navarrete , Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

In this study, we analyze the secret key capacity of intensity modulation/direct detection optical key distribution (IM/DD OKD) for a free-space optical (FSO) link between a low-Earth orbit satellite and an optical ground station. Focusing…

Discrete-variable (DV) quantum key distribution (QKD) based on single-photon detectors and sources have been successfully deployed for long-range secure key distribution. On the other hand, continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-24 Sebastian P. Kish , Patrick J. Gleeson , Angus Walsh , Ping Koy Lam , Syed M. Assad

Technological realities limit terrestrial quantum key distribution (QKD) to single-link distances of a few hundred kilometers. One promising avenue for global-scale quantum communication networks is to use low-Earth-orbit satellites. Here…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols enable two distant parties to communicate with information-theoretically proven secrecy. However, these protocols are generally vulnerable to potential mismatches between the physical modeling and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-22 Corentin Lanore , Xavier Valcarce , Jean Etesse , Anthony Martin , Jean-Daniel Bancal

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is the sharing of secret keys between different parties using the continuous amplitude and phase quadratures of light. There are many protocols in which different modulation schemes are…

We propose and demonstrate a fully passive discrete-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), which can eliminate all modulator side channels on the source side, using a local local oscillator (LLO). The CV-QKD system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Yu Zhang , Xuyang Wang , Chenyang Li , Jie Yun , Qiang Zeng , Zhiliang Yuan , Zhenguo Lu , Yongmin Li

In this paper, we propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on only a two-dimensional Hilbert space encoding a quantum system and independent devices between the equipment for state preparation and measurement. Our protocol is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-18 Hong-Wei Li , Zhen-Qiang Yin , Wei Chen , Shuang Wang , Guang-Can Guo , Zheng-Fu Han

How to remove detector side channel attacks has been a notoriously hard problem in quantum cryptography. Here, we propose a simple solution to this problem---*measurement* device independent quantum key distribution. It not only removes all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-30 Hoi-Kwong Lo , Marcos Curty , Bing Qi

Most quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols can be classified as either a discrete-variable (DV) protocol or continuous-variable (CV) protocol, based on how classical information is being encoded. We propose a protocol that combines the…

Intermodal quantum key distribution enables the full interoperability of fiber networks and free-space channels, which are both necessary elements for the development of a global quantum network. We present a field trial of an intermodal…

In this paper, using the full security framework for continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), we provide a composable security proof for the CV-QKD system in a realistic implementation. We take into account equipment losses…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-19 Roman Goncharov , Alexei D. Kiselev , Eduard Samsonov , Vladimir Egorov

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI QKD) offers great security in practice because it removes all detector side channels. However, conducting MDI QKD over free-space channels is challenging. One of the largest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-14 Brian J. Rollick , George Siopsis , Bing Qi

The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol plays an important role in quantum communications due to its high level of security and practicability. It can be immune to all side-channel attacks directed on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-26 Xing-Yu Zhou , Hua-Jian Ding , Chun-Hui Zhang , Jian Li , Chun-Mei Zhang , Qin Wang

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can remove all detection side-channels from quantum communication systems. The security proofs require, however, that certain assumptions on the sources are satisfied. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 Weilong Wang , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Marcos Curty

There exist several initiatives worldwide to deploy quantum key distribution (QKD) over existing fibre networks and achieve quantum-safe security at large scales. To understand the overall QKD network performance, it is required to…

The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can be immune to all detector side-channel attacks. Moreover, it can be easily implemented combining with the matured decoy-state methods under current technology. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Yi-Peng Chen , Jing-Yang Liu , Mingshuo Sun , Xing-Xu Zhou , Chun-Hui Zhang , Jian Li , Qin Wang

We present a quantum communication experiment conducted over a point-to-point free-space link of 1.6 km in urban conditions. We study atmospheric influences on the capability of the link to act as a continuous-variable (CV) quantum channel.…