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High-performance classical simulator for quantum circuits, in particular the tensor network contraction algorithm, has become an important tool for the validation of noisy quantum computing. In order to address the memory limitations, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Yaojian Chen , Yong Liu , Xinmin Shi , Jiawei Song , Xin Liu , Lin Gan , Chu Guo , Haohuan Fu , Jie Gao , Dexun Chen , Guangwen Yang

Demonstrating quantum advantage requires experimental implementation of a computational task that is hard to achieve using state-of-the-art classical systems. One approach is to perform sampling from a probability distribution associated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Xun Gao , Marcin Kalinowski , Chi-Ning Chou , Mikhail D. Lukin , Boaz Barak , Soonwon Choi

The notable claim of quantum supremacy presented by Google's team in 2019 consists of demonstrating the ability of a quantum circuit to generate, albeit with considerable noise, bitstrings from a distribution that is considered hard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-15 Yosef Rinott , Tomer Shoham , Gil Kalai

A critical question for the field of quantum computing in the near future is whether quantum devices without error correction can perform a well-defined computational task beyond the capabilities of state-of-the-art classical computers,…

A longstanding goal in quantum information science is to demonstrate quantum computations that cannot be feasibly reproduced on a classical computer. Such demonstrations mark major milestones: they showcase fine control over quantum systems…

In the near future, there will likely be special-purpose quantum computers with 40-50 high-quality qubits. This paper lays general theoretical foundations for how to use such devices to demonstrate "quantum supremacy": that is, a clear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-28 Scott Aaronson , Lijie Chen

As Moore's law reaches its limits, quantum computers are emerging with the promise of dramatically outperforming classical computers. We have witnessed the advent of quantum processors with over $50$ quantum bits (qubits), which are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-11 Ramis Movassagh

Quantum circuit simulation provides the foundation for the development of quantum algorithms and the verification of quantum supremacy. Among the various methods for quantum circuit simulation, tensor network contraction has been increasing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Hiroyuki Ootomo , Hidetaka Manabe , Kenji Harada , Rio Yokota

In October 2019, Nature published a paper [6] describing an experimental work that was performed at Google. The paper claims to demonstrate quantum (computational) supremacy on a 53-qubit quantum computer. Since then we have been involved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-03 Gil Kalai , Yosef Rinott , Tomer Shoham

Recent astonishing experiments with quantum computers have demonstrated unambiguously the existence of a quantum multiverse, where calculations of mind-boggling complexity are effortlessly computed in just a few minutes. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Brian R. La Cour , Noah A. Davis

We review the recent quantum advantage experiments by IBM, D-Wave, and Google, focusing on cases where efficient classical simulations of the experiment were demonstrated or attempted using tensor network methods. We assess the strengths…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Augustine Kshetrimayum , Saeed S. Jahromi , Sukhbinder Singh , Román Orús

In the relentless pursuit of quantum computational advantage, we present a significant advancement with the development of Zuchongzhi 3.0. This superconducting quantum computer prototype, comprising 105 qubits, achieves high operational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-17 Dongxin Gao , Daojin Fan , Chen Zha , Jiahao Bei , Guoqing Cai , Jianbin Cai , Sirui Cao , Xiangdong Zeng , Fusheng Chen , Jiang Chen , Kefu Chen , Xiawei Chen , Xiqing Chen , Zhe Chen , Zhiyuan Chen , Zihua Chen , Wenhao Chu , Hui Deng , Zhibin Deng , Pei Ding , Xun Ding , Zhuzhengqi Ding , Shuai Dong , Yupeng Dong , Bo Fan , Yuanhao Fu , Song Gao , Lei Ge , Ming Gong , Jiacheng Gui , Cheng Guo , Shaojun Guo , Xiaoyang Guo , Tan He , Linyin Hong , Yisen Hu , He-Liang Huang , Yong-Heng Huo , Tao Jiang , Zuokai Jiang , Honghong Jin , Yunxiang Leng , Dayu Li , Dongdong Li , Fangyu Li , Jiaqi Li , Jinjin Li , Junyan Li , Junyun Li , Na Li , Shaowei Li , Wei Li , Yuhuai Li , Yuan Li , Futian Liang , Xuelian Liang , Nanxing Liao , Jin Lin , Weiping Lin , Dailin Liu , Hongxiu Liu , Maliang Liu , Xinyu Liu , Xuemeng Liu , Yancheng Liu , Haoxin Lou , Yuwei Ma , Lingxin Meng , Hao Mou , Kailiang Nan , Binghan Nie , Meijuan Nie , Jie Ning , Le Niu , Wenyi Peng , Haoran Qian , Hao Rong , Tao Rong , Huiyan Shen , Qiong Shen , Hong Su , Feifan Su , Chenyin Sun , Liangchao Sun , Tianzuo Sun , Yingxiu Sun , Yimeng Tan , Jun Tan , Longyue Tang , Wenbing Tu , Cai Wan , Jiafei Wang , Biao Wang , Chang Wang , Chen Wang , Chu Wang , Jian Wang , Liangyuan Wang , Rui Wang , Shengtao Wang , Xinzhe Wang , Zuolin Wei , Jiazhou Wei , Dachao Wu , Gang Wu , Jin Wu , Shengjie Wu , Yulin Wu , Shiyong Xie , Lianjie Xin , Yu Xu , Chun Xue , Kai Yan , Weifeng Yang , Xinpeng Yang , Yang Yang , Yangsen Ye , Zhenping Ye , Chong Ying , Jiale Yu , Qinjing Yu , Wenhu Yu , Shaoyu Zhan , Feifei Zhang , Haibin Zhang , Kaili Zhang , Pan Zhang , Wen Zhang , Yiming Zhang , Yongzhuo Zhang , Lixiang Zhang , Guming Zhao , Peng Zhao , Xianhe Zhao , Xintao Zhao , Youwei Zhao , Zhong Zhao , Luyuan Zheng , Fei Zhou , Liang Zhou , Na Zhou , Naibin Zhou , Shifeng Zhou , Shuang Zhou , Zhengxiao Zhou , Chengjun Zhu , Qingling Zhu , Guihong Zou , Haonan Zou , Qiang Zhang , Chao-Yang Lu , Cheng-Zhi Peng , XiaoBo Zhu , Jian-Wei Pan

The demonstration of quantum speedup, also known as quantum computational supremacy, that is the ability of quantum computers to outperform dramatically their classical counterparts, is an important milestone in the field of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Ulysse Chabaud , Frédéric Grosshans , Elham Kashefi , Damian Markham

Simulation of quantum computing on supercomputers is a significant research topic, which plays a vital role in quantum algorithm verification, error-tolerant verification and other applications. Tensor network contraction based on density…

Google's recent quantum supremacy experiment heralded a transition point where quantum computing performed a computational task, random circuit sampling, that is beyond the practical reach of modern supercomputers. We examine the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-19 Alexander Zlokapa , Sergio Boixo , Daniel Lidar

Quantum computers are now on the brink of outperforming their classical counterparts. One way to demonstrate the advantage of quantum computation is through quantum random sampling performed on quantum computing devices. However, existing…

Classical simulation of quantum computation is necessary for studying the numerical behavior of quantum algorithms, as there does not yet exist a large viable quantum computer on which to perform numerical tests. Tensor network (TN)…

Random circuit sampling, the task to sample bit strings from a random unitary operator, has been performed to demonstrate quantum advantage on the Sycamore quantum processor with 53 qubits and on the Zuchongzhi quantum processor with 56 and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-28 Sangchul Oh , Sabre Kais

It is imperative that useful quantum computers be very difficult to simulate classically; otherwise classical computers could be used for the applications envisioned for the quantum ones. Perfect quantum computers are unarguably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-26 Yiqing Zhou , E. Miles Stoudenmire , Xavier Waintal

Computational validation is vital for all large-scale quantum computers. One needs computers that are both fast and accurate. Here we apply precise, scalable, high order statistical tests to data from large Gaussian boson sampling (GBS)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-02 Alexander S. Dellios , Bogdan Opanchuk , Margaret D. Reid , Peter D. Drummond