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Classical shadow tomography (CST) involves obtaining enough classical descriptions of an unknown state via quantum measurements to predict the outcome of a set of quantum observables. CST has numerous applications, particularly in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-22 Zahra Honjani , Mohsen Heidari

Circuit cutting is a technique for simulating large quantum circuits by partitioning them into smaller subcircuits, which can be executed on smaller quantum devices. The results from these subcircuits are then combined in classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-27 Christophe Piveteau , Lukas Schmitt , David Sutter

Classical shadows are a computationally efficient approach to storing quantum states on a classical computer for the purposes of estimating expectation values of local observables, obtained by performing repeated random measurements. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-03 Saumya Shivam , C. W. von Keyserlingk , S. L. Sondhi

Interfacing quantum and classical processors is an important subroutine in full-stack quantum algorithms. The so-called "classical shadow" method efficiently extracts essential classical information from quantum states, enabling the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Shuowei Ma , Junyu Liu

Predicting properties of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential for developing quantum technologies. We present an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng , John Preskill

Quantum process tomography is a powerful tool for understanding quantum channels and characterizing properties of quantum devices. Inspired by recent advances using classical shadows in quantum state tomography [H.-Y. Huang, R. Kueng, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-12 Ryan Levy , Di Luo , Bryan K. Clark

Quantum computers must meet extremely stringent qualitative and quantitative requirements on their qubits in order to solve real-life problems. Quantum circuit fragmentation techniques divide a large quantum circuit into a number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-25 Saikat Basu , Arnav Das , Amit Saha , Amlan Chakrabarti , Susmita Sur-Kolay

Classical Shadow Tomography (Huang, Kueng and Preskill, Nature Physics 2020) is a method for creating a classical snapshot of an unknown quantum state, which can later be used to predict the value of an a-priori unknown observable on that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Zvika Brakerski , Nir Magrafta , Tomer Solomon

Full quantum tomography of high-dimensional quantum systems is experimentally infeasible due to the exponential scaling of the number of required measurements on the number of qubits in the system. However, several ideas were proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 G. I. Struchalin , Ya. A. Zagorovskii , E. V. Kovlakov , S. S. Straupe , S. P. Kulik

Classical shadow tomography is a powerful randomized measurement protocol for predicting many properties of a quantum state with few measurements. Two classical shadow protocols have been extensively studied in the literature: the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-07 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Classical shadows provide a versatile framework for estimating many properties of quantum states from repeated, randomly chosen measurements without requiring full quantum state tomography. When prior information is available, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Jacob Bringewatt , Henry Froland , Andreas Elben , Niklas Mueller

Shadow tomography is a scalable technique to characterise the quantum state of a quantum computer or quantum simulator. The protocol is based on the transformation of the outcomes of random measurements into the so-called classical shadows,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-27 Hai-Chau Nguyen

Classical shadow tomography has become a powerful tool in learning about quantum states prepared on a quantum computer. Recent works have used classical shadows to variationally enforce N-representability conditions on the 2-particle…

Classical shadows are an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few measurements. In the paper we propose to enhance classical shadow methods using bootstrap resampling methods.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Eric Ghysels , Jack Morgan

Efficiently learning expectation values of unknown quantum states via classical shadows has become an important primitive in both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum computation. Typically, classical shadow protocols involve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Rebecca Chang , Maureen Krumtünger , Martin Larocca , Maxwell West

The rapid development of quantum technology demands efficient characterization of complex quantum many-body states. However, full quantum state tomography requires an exponential number of measurements in system size, preventing its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Yadong Wu , Ce Wang , Juan Yao , Hui Zhai , Yi-Zhuang You , Pengfei Zhang

Current and imminent quantum hardware lacks reliability and applicability due to noise and limited qubit counts. Quantum circuit cutting -- a technique dividing large quantum circuits into smaller subcircuits with sizes appropriate for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-05 Daniel Chen , Betis Baheri , Vipin Chaudhary , Qiang Guan , Ning Xie , Shuai Xu

Efficiently learning expectation values of a quantum state using classical shadow tomography has become a fundamental task in quantum information theory. In a classical shadows protocol, one measures a state in a chosen basis W after it has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Maxwell West , Antonio Anna Mele , Martin Larocca , M. Cerezo

Predicting features of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential to the characterization and engineering of quantum architectures. We present an efficient approach for constructing an approximate classical description, called the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-26 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng

Classical shadow tomography provides an efficient method for predicting functions of an unknown quantum state from a few measurements of the state. It relies on a unitary channel that efficiently scrambles the quantum information of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You
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