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Protein engineering is an emerging field in biotechnology that has the potential to revolutionize various areas, such as antibody design, drug discovery, food security, ecology, and more. However, the mutational space involved is too vast…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-07-28 Yuchi Qiu , Guo-Wei Wei

Identification of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) helps derive cellular mechanistic understanding, particularly in the context of complex conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, and cancer. Large Language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Sanket Jantre , Tianle Wang , Gilchan Park , Kriti Chopra , Nicholas Jeon , Xiaoning Qian , Nathan M. Urban , Byung-Jun Yoon

While protein language models (pLMs) have transformed biological research, the scaling laws governing their improvement remain underexplored. By adapting methodologies from NLP scaling laws, we investigated the optimal ratio between model…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-27 Yaiza Serrano , Álvaro Ciudad , Alexis Molina

The emergence of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) has achieved tremendous success in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) by learning universal representations on large corpora in a self-supervised manner. The pre-trained models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Peng Liu , Lemei Zhang , Jon Atle Gulla

Protein language models (pLMs) have demonstrated success at generating functional proteins across vast sequence spaces but lack the ability to design high-fitness variants on demand. Here, we iteratively guide pLMs toward user-defined…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-01 Filippo Stocco , Maria Artigues-Lleixa , Andrea Hunklinger , Talal Widatalla , Marc Guell , Noelia Ferruz

Recent advancements in deep learning, particularly large language models (LLMs), made a significant impact on how researchers study microbiome and metagenomics data. Microbial protein and genomic sequences, like natural languages, form a…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-18 Binghao Yan , Yunbi Nam , Lingyao Li , Rebecca A. Deek , Hongzhe Li , Siyuan Ma

Background: The inception of next generations sequencing technologies have exponentially increased the volume of biological sequence data. Protein sequences, being quoted as the `language of life', has been analyzed for a multitude of…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-12-08 Nabil Ibtehaz , S. M. Shakhawat Hossain Sourav , Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid , M. Sohel Rahman

Protein representation learning is critical for numerous biological tasks. Recently, large transformer-based protein language models (pLMs) pretrained on large scale protein sequences have demonstrated significant success in sequence-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xuefeng Liu , Songhao Jiang , Chih-chan Tien , Jinbo Xu , Rick Stevens

Antibodies play a central role in the immune response by specifically recognizing and neutralizing antigens, and therapeutic antibodies have become major drugs for cancer and autoimmune diseases. However, their discovery still relies on…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-29 Xiao Luo

Foundation models have revolutionized natural language processing and artificial intelligence, significantly enhancing how machines comprehend and generate human languages. Inspired by the success of these foundation models, researchers…

The idea of this project is to study the protein structure and sequence relationship using the hidden markov model and artificial neural network. In this context we have assumed two hidden markov models. In first model we have taken protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-18 Saurabh Sarkar , Prateek Malhotra , Virender Guman

Protein language models have excelled in a variety of tasks, ranging from structure prediction to protein engineering. However, proteins are highly diverse in functions and structures, and current state-of-the-art models including the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-27 Chang Ma , Haiteng Zhao , Lin Zheng , Jiayi Xin , Qintong Li , Lijun Wu , Zhihong Deng , Yang Lu , Qi Liu , Lingpeng Kong

Pretrained language models (PLMs) have produced substantial improvements in discourse-aware neural machine translation (NMT), for example, improved coherence in spoken language translation. However, the underlying reasons for their strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Zhihong Huang , Longyue Wang , Siyou Liu , Derek F. Wong

The goal of protein representation learning is to extract knowledge from protein databases that can be applied to various protein-related downstream tasks. Although protein sequence, structure, and function are the three key modalities for…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-14 Eunji Ko , Seul Lee , Minseon Kim , Dongki Kim

Large language models have made remarkable progress in the field of molecular science, particularly in understanding and generating functional small molecules. This success is largely attributed to the effectiveness of molecular…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-14 Zicheng Ma , Chuanliu Fan , Zhicong Wang , Zhenyu Chen , Xiaohan Lin , Yanheng Li , Shihao Feng , Jun Zhang , Ziqiang Cao , Yi Qin Gao

Language models for biological and chemical sequences enable crucial applications such as drug discovery, protein engineering, and precision medicine. Currently, these language models are predominantly based on Transformer architectures.…

Protein representation learning plays a crucial role in understanding the structure and function of proteins, which are essential biomolecules involved in various biological processes. In recent years, deep learning has emerged as a…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-11 Bozhen Hu , Cheng Tan , Lirong Wu , Jiangbin Zheng , Jun Xia , Zhangyang Gao , Zicheng Liu , Fandi Wu , Guijun Zhang , Stan Z. Li

Directed evolution plays an indispensable role in protein engineering that revises existing protein sequences to attain new or enhanced functions. Accurately predicting the effects of protein variants necessitates an in-depth understanding…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-06-09 Yang Tan , Bingxin Zhou , Yuanhong Jiang , Yu Guang Wang , Liang Hong

Protein language models (PLMs) have transformed sequence-based protein analysis, yet most applications rely only on final-layer embeddings, which may overlook biologically meaningful information encoded in earlier layers. We systematically…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-02 Ajit Kumar , IndraPrakash Jha

Prediction of ligand binding sites of proteins is a fundamental and important task for understanding the function of proteins and screening potential drugs. Most existing methods require experimentally determined protein holo-structures as…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-07 Shuo Zhang , Lei Xie