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Let $p$ be an odd prime. From a simple undirected graph $G$, through the classical procedures of Baer (Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 1938), Tutte (J. Lond. Math. Soc., 1947) and Lov\'asz (B. Braz. Math. Soc., 1989), there is a $p$-group $P_G$ of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-05 Xiaoyu He , Youming Qiao

Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a graph class $\mathcal{F}$ if they admit the same number of homomorphisms from every graph $F \in \mathcal{F}$. Many graph isomorphism relaxations such as (quantum) isomorphism…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Marek Černý , Tim Seppelt

We show that any two Hadamard graphs on the same number of vertices are quantum isomorphic. This follows from a more general recipe for showing quantum isomorphism of graphs arising from certain association schemes. The main result is built…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-10-27 Ada Chan , William J. Martin

In this paper, we relate a beautiful theory by Lov\'asz with a popular heuristic algorithm for the graph isomorphism problem, namely the color refinement algorithm and its k-dimensional generalization known as the Weisfeiler-Leman…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Holger Dell , Martin Grohe , Gaurav Rattan

Let ${\mathcal C}$ be the category of finite graphs. Lov\`{a}sz (1967) shows that if $|\mathrm{Hom}(X,A)|=|\mathrm{Hom}(X,B)|$ holds for any $X$, then $A$ is isomorphic to $B$. Pultr (1973) gives a categorical generalization using a similar…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Shoma Fujino , Makoto Matsumoto

The notion of homomorphism indistinguishability offers a combinatorial framework for characterizing equivalence relations of graphs, in particular equivalences in counting logics within finite model theory. That is, for certain graph…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Georg Schindling

In two seminal papers Kontsevich used a construction called_graph homology_ as a bridge between certain infinite dimensional Lie algebras and various topological objects, including moduli spaces of curves, the group of outer automorphisms…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2010-08-25 Jim Conant , Karen Vogtmann

We prove measurable analogues of Whitney's classical theorems on weak isomorphisms of finite graphs. In the setting of locally finite graphings, we introduce a notion of weak isomorphism as an edge-measure-preserving Borel bijection that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-18 Márton Borbényi , Grigory Terlov , László Márton Tóth

Lov\'{a}sz proved that two graphs $G$ and $H$ are isomorphic if $\hom(K,G) = \hom(K,H)$ for all graphs $K$, where $\hom(G_1,G_2)$ denotes the number of homomorphisms from $G_1$ to $G_2$. Dvo\v{r}\'{a}k showed that it suffices to count…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Andrea Jiménez , Benjamin Moore , Daniel A. Quiroz , Youngho Yoo

We consider constrained variants of graph homomorphisms such as embeddings, monomorphisms, full homomorphisms, surjective homomorpshims, and locally constrained homomorphisms. We also introduce a new variation on this theme which derives…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-04-23 Yangjing Long

Lubiw showed that several variants of Graph Isomorphism are NP-complete, where the solutions are required to satisfy certain additional constraints [SICOMP 10, 1981]. One of these, called Isomorphism With Restrictions, is to decide for two…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-09-29 V. Arvind , Johannes Köbler , Sebastian Kuhnert , Jacobo Toran

Building on work of Cai, F\"urer, and Immerman \cite{CFI92}, we show two hardness results for the Graph Isomorphism problem. First, we show that there are pairs of nonisomorphic $n$-vertex graphs $G$ and $H$ such that any sum-of-squares…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-01-13 Ryan O'Donnell , John Wright , Chenggang Wu , Yuan Zhou

The complexity of graph isomorphism (GraphIso) is a famous unresolved problem in theoretical computer science. For graphs $G$ and $H$, it asks whether they are the same up to a relabeling of vertices. In 1981, Lubiw proved that list…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-11-03 Pavel Klavik , Dušan Knop , Peter Zeman

Man\v{c}inska and Roberson [FOCS'20] showed that two graphs are quantum isomorphic if and only if they admit the same number of homomorphisms from any planar graph. Atserias et al. [JCTB'19] proved that quantum isomorphism is undecidable in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Prem Nigam Kar , David E. Roberson , Tim Seppelt , Peter Zeman

A classical result due to Lovasz (1967) shows that the isomorphism type of a graph is determined by homomorphism counts. That is, graphs G and H are isomorphic whenever the number of homomorphisms from K to G is the same as the number of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-12 Luca Reggio

A homomorphism from a graph $X$ to a graph $Y$ is an adjacency preserving mapping $f:V(X) \rightarrow V(Y)$. We consider a nonlocal game in which Alice and Bob are trying to convince a verifier with certainty that a graph $X$ admits a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-21 Laura Mančinska , David E. Roberson

The Graph Isomorphism problem has both theoretical and practical interest. In this paper we present an algorithm, called conauto-1.2, that efficiently tests whether two graphs are isomorphic, and finds an isomorphism if they are. This…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-06-23 Jose Luis Lopez-Presa , Antonio Fernandez Anta

The Graded Classification Conjecture (GCC) states that the pointed $K_0^{\operatorname{gr}}$-group is a complete invariant of the Leavitt path algebras of finite graphs when these algebras are considered with their natural grading by…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Lia Vas

To any two graphs G and H one can associate a cell complex Hom(G,H) by taking all graph multihomorphisms from G to H as cells. In this paper we prove the Lovasz Conjecture which states that if Hom(C_{2r+1},G) is k-connected, then…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Eric Babson , Dmitry N. Kozlov

Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$ if for all graphs $F \in \mathcal{F}$ the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $G$ is equal to the number of homomorphism from $F$ to $H$. Many…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Tim Seppelt