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Related papers: Agent-Specific Deontic Modality Detection in Legal…

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As large language models (LLMs) advance in linguistic competence, their reasoning abilities are gaining increasing attention. In humans, reasoning often performs well in domain specific settings, particularly in normative rather than purely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Hirohiko Abe , Kentaro Ozeki , Risako Ando , Takanobu Morishita , Koji Mineshima , Mitsuhiro Okada

Deontic logic is a very well researched branch of mathematical logic and philosophy. Various kinds of deontic logics are discussed for different application domains like argumentation theory, legal reasoning, and acts in multi-agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Ulrich Furbach , Claudia Schon , Frieder Stolzenburg

In our previous research, we provided a reasoning system (called LeSAC) based on argumentation theory to provide legal support to designers during the design process. Building on this, this paper explores how to provide designers with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Zhe Yu , Yiwei Lu

The use of meta-rules in logic, i.e., rules whose content includes other rules, has recently gained attention in the setting of non-monotonic reasoning: a first logical formalisation and efficient algorithms to compute the (meta)-extensions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Francesco Olivieri , Guido Governatori , Matteo Cristani , Antonino Rotolo , Abdul Sattar

In legal document writing, one of the key elements is properly citing the case laws and other sources to substantiate claims and arguments. Understanding the legal domain and identifying appropriate citation context or cite-worthy sentences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Mann Khatri , Pritish Wadhwa , Gitansh Satija , Reshma Sheik , Yaman Kumar , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Reasoning with complex, context-specific rules remains challenging for large language models (LLMs). In legal and policy settings, this manifests as deontic reasoning: reasoning about obligations, permissions, and prohibitions under…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Guangyao Dou , Luis Brena , Akhil Deo , William Jurayj , Jingyu Zhang , Nils Holzenberger , Benjamin Van Durme

Code agents have gained widespread adoption due to their strong code generation capabilities and integration with code interpreters, enabling dynamic execution, debugging, and interactive programming capabilities. While these advancements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Chengquan Guo , Chulin Xie , Yu Yang , Zhaorun Chen , Zinan Lin , Xander Davies , Yarin Gal , Dawn Song , Bo Li

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has had a profoundly transformative effect on a number of fields and domains. However, their uptake in Law has proven more challenging due to the important issues of reliability and transparency. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Strahinja Klem , Noura Al Moubayed

The paper studies defeasible reasoning in rule-based systems, in particular about legal norms and contracts. We identify rule modifiers that specify how rules interact and how they can be overridden. We then define rule transformations that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-17 How Khang Lim , Avishkar Mahajan , Martin Strecker , Meng Weng Wong

Legal Entity Recognition (LER) is critical in automating legal workflows such as contract analysis, compliance monitoring, and litigation support. Existing approaches, including rule-based systems and classical machine learning models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Duraimurugan Rajamanickam

Legal tasks and datasets are often used as benchmarks for the capabilities of language models. However, openly available annotated datasets are rare. In this paper, we introduce AGB-DE, a corpus of 3,764 clauses from German consumer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Daniel Braun , Florian Matthes

The field of artificial intelligence has witnessed significant advancements in natural language processing, largely attributed to the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). These models form the backbone of Agents designed to address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Jiaxin Guo , Yuanchang Luo , Daimeng Wei , Ling Zhang , Zongyao Li , Hengchao Shang , Zhiqiang Rao , Shaojun Li , Jinlong Yang , Zhanglin Wu , Hao Yang

Inspired by the inductive transfer learning on computer vision, many efforts have been made to train contextualized language models that boost the performance of natural language processing tasks. These models are mostly trained on large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Shohreh Shaghaghian , Luna , Feng , Borna Jafarpour , Nicolai Pogrebnyakov

Agentic discovery has shown that LLM-driven search can find novel algorithms, designs, and code under benchmark conditions. Translating the paradigm to multi-system data backends surfaces a harder problem: the search space is heterogeneous,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Shanshan Ye , Duo Lu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents in various contexts by providing tools at their disposal. However, LLM agents can exhibit unpredictable behaviors, including taking undesirable and/or unsafe actions. In order…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Ilija Lichkovski , Alexander Müller , Mariam Ibrahim , Tiwai Mhundwa

Legal multi-label classification is a critical task for organizing and accessing the vast amount of legal documentation. Despite its importance, it faces challenges such as the complexity of legal language, intricate label dependencies, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Emily Johnson , Xavier Holt , Noah Wilson

Discovering scaling laws for predicting model performance at scale is a fundamental and open-ended challenge, mostly reliant on slow, case specific human experimentation. To investigate the potential for LLMs to automate this process, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Haowei Lin , Haotian Ye , Wenzheng Feng , Quzhe Huang , Yujun Li , Hubert Lim , Zhengrui Li , Xiangyu Wang , Jianzhu Ma , Yitao Liang , James Zou

Human-performed annotation of sentences in legal documents is an important prerequisite to many machine learning based systems supporting legal tasks. Typically, the annotation is done sequentially, sentence by sentence, which is often time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka , Vern R. Walker , Kevin D. Ashley , Karim Benyekhlef

We describe a dataset developed for Named Entity Recognition in German federal court decisions. It consists of approx. 67,000 sentences with over 2 million tokens. The resource contains 54,000 manually annotated entities, mapped to 19…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Elena Leitner , Georg Rehm , Julián Moreno-Schneider

This paper presents DeCon, a declarative programming language for implementing smart contracts and specifying contract-level properties. Driven by the observation that smart contract operations and contract-level properties can be naturally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Haoxian Chen , Gerald Whitters , Mohammad Javad Amiri , Yuepeng Wang , Boon Thau Loo