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We present a model for predicting visual attention during the free viewing of graphic design documents. While existing works on this topic have aimed at predicting static saliency of graphic designs, our work is the first attempt to predict…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Souradeep Chakraborty , Zijun Wei , Conor Kelton , Seoyoung Ahn , Aruna Balasubramanian , Gregory J. Zelinsky , Dimitris Samaras

Human gaze is a crucial cue used in various applications such as human-robot interaction and virtual reality. Recently, convolution neural network (CNN) approaches have made notable progress in predicting gaze direction. However, estimating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Ahmed A. Abdelrahman , Thorsten Hempel , Aly Khalifa , Ayoub Al-Hamadi

Subjective self-reports, collected with eye-tracking data, reveal perceived states like fatigue, effort, and task difficulty. However, these reports are costly to collect and challenging to interpret consistently in longitudinal studies. In…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Kamrul Hasan , Oleg V. Komogortsev

Driver gaze estimation is essential for understanding the driver's situational awareness of surrounding traffic. Existing gaze estimation models use driver facial information to predict the Point-of-Gaze (PoG) or the 3D gaze direction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Pavan Kumar Sharma , Pranamesh Chakraborty

Online egocentric gaze estimation predicts where a camera wearer is looking from first-person video using only past and current frames, a task essential for augmented reality and assistive technologies. Unlike third-person gaze estimation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Jia Li , Wenjie Zhao , Shijian Deng , Bolin Lai , Yuheng Wu , RUijia Chen , Jon E. Froehlich , Yuhang Zhao , Yapeng Tian

Mobile gaze tracking involves inferring a user's gaze point or direction on a mobile device's screen from facial images captured by the device's front camera. While this technology inspires an increasing number of gaze-interaction…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yaxiong Lei , Yuheng Wang , Fergus Buchanan , Mingyue Zhao , Yusuke Sugano , Shijing He , Mohamed Khamis , Juan Ye

To choose restaurants and coffee shops, people are increasingly relying on social-networking sites. In a popular site such as Foursquare or Yelp, a place comes with descriptions and reviews, and with profile pictures of people who frequent…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2015-06-12 Miriam Redi , Daniele Quercia , Lindsay T. Graham , Samuel D. Gosling

Recently, appearance-based gaze estimation has been attracting attention in computer vision, and remarkable improvements have been achieved using various deep learning techniques. Despite such progress, most methods aim to infer gaze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Suneung Kim , Woo-Jeoung Nam , Seong-Whan Lee

Robust gaze estimation is a challenging task, even for deep CNNs, due to the non-availability of large-scale labeled data. Moreover, gaze annotation is a time-consuming process and requires specialized hardware setups. We propose MTGLS: a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Shreya Ghosh , Munawar Hayat , Abhinav Dhall , Jarrod Knibbe

Along with the recent development of deep neural networks, appearance-based gaze estimation has succeeded considerably when training and testing within the same domain. Compared to the within-domain task, the variance of different domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jiawei Qin , Takuru Shimoyama , Xucong Zhang , Yusuke Sugano

Gaze Target Detection (GTD), i.e., determining where a person is looking within a scene from an external viewpoint, is a challenging task, particularly in 3D space. Existing approaches heavily rely on analyzing the person's appearance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Andrea Toaiari , Vittorio Murino , Marco Cristani , Cigdem Beyan

The ability to perform computation on devices, such as smartphones, cars, or other nodes present at the Internet of Things leads to constraints regarding bandwidth, storage, and energy, as most of these devices are mobile and operate on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Natascha Harth , Hans-Joerg Voegel , Kostas Kolomvatsos , Christos Anagnostopoulos

Eye-tracking technology is an integral component of new display devices such as virtual and augmented reality headsets. Applications of gaze information range from new interaction techniques exploiting eye patterns to gaze-contingent…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Elena Arabadzhiyska , Cara Tursun , Hans-Peter Seidel , Piotr Didyk

This paper presents the selective use of eye-gaze information in learning human actions in Atari games. Vast evidence suggests that our eye movement convey a wealth of information about the direction of our attention and mental states and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Chaitanya Thammineni , Hemanth Manjunatha , Ehsan T. Esfahani

We introduce models for saliency prediction for mobile user interfaces. A mobile interface may include elements like buttons, text, etc. in addition to natural images which enable performing a variety of tasks. Saliency in natural images is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Prakhar Gupta , Shubh Gupta , Ajaykrishnan Jayagopal , Sourav Pal , Ritwik Sinha

What does human gaze reveal about a users' intents and to which extend can these intents be inferred or even visualized? Gaze was proposed as an implicit source of information to predict the target of visual search and, more recently, to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Hosnieh Sattar , Mario Fritz , Andreas Bulling

Animals often forage via Levy walks stochastic trajectories with heavy tailed step lengths optimized for sparse resource environments. We show that human visual gaze follows similar dynamics when scanning images. While traditional models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Tejaswi V. Panchagnula

Unconstrained gaze estimation is the process of determining where a subject is directing their visual attention in uncontrolled environments. Gaze estimation systems are important for a myriad of tasks such as driver distraction monitoring,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Franko Šikić , Donik Vršnak , Sven Lončarić

Eye Tracking (ET) can help to understand visual attention and cognitive processes in interactive environments. In attention tasks, distinguishing between relevant target objects and distractors is crucial for effective performance, yet the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Abdul Rehman , Ilona Heldal , Jerry Chun-Wei Lin

While exploring visual scenes, humans' scanpaths are driven by their underlying attention processes. Understanding visual scanpaths is essential for various applications. Traditional scanpath models predict the where and when of gaze shifts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Xianyu Chen , Ming Jiang , Qi Zhao